Power harvesting and telemetry in CMOS for implanted devices

Sauer, Christian; Stanaćević, Milutin; Cauwenberghs, Gert; Thakor, N.

doi:10.1109/biocas.2004.1454187

Cited by 40 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Akin et al [84] designed an implantable circular coil with a dimension of 5 mm × 8 mm × 2 mm and a carrier frequency of 4 MHz to offer a distance of 5 mm. Sauer et al [57,67] used the same frequency presented in [84] to design external and implantable coils with outer dimensions of 50 mm and 20 mm, respectively, to offer a distance of 28 mm. For endoscopy monitoring, an implantable capsule with a coil dimension of 10 mm × 13 mm was designed by Lenaerts and Puers [72] to offer a distance of 205 mm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technology uses magnetic coupling as the communication environment, which is common with radio frequency identification techniques [55,56]. Most studies related to inductive links used frequencies lower than 20 MHz [57,58] to avoid tissue heating caused by power absorption within tissue. Practically, the RF short-range communication transmits low power (less than a milliwatt) and radiates RF power signal from the reader coil antenna, which is mostly designed to offer fixed sinusoidal carrier amplitude, which provides a stable wireless transfer power.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy harvesting for the implantable biomedical devices: issues and challenges

et al. 2014

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The development of implanted devices is essential because of their direct effect on the lives and safety of humanity. This paper presents the current issues and challenges related to all methods used to harvest energy for implantable biomedical devices. The advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of each method are discussed. The concept of harvesting energy from environmental sources and human body motion for implantable devices has gained a new relevance. In this review, the harvesting kinetic, electromagnetic, thermal and infrared radiant energies are discussed. Current issues and challenges related to the typical applications of these methods for energy harvesting are illustrated. Suggestions and discussion of the progress of research on implantable devices are also provided. This review is expected to increase research efforts to develop the battery-less implantable devices with reduced over hole size, low power, high efficiency, high data rate, and improved reliability and feasibility. Based on current literature, we believe that the inductive coupling link is the suitable method to be used to power the battery-less devices. Therefore, in this study, the power efficiency of the inductive coupling method is validated by MATLAB based on suggested values. By further researching and improvements, in the future the implantable and portable medical devices are expected to be free of batteries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy harvesting for the implantable biomedical devices: issues and challenges

et al. 2014

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“…However, this design will increase the printed board circuits and occupies a relatively large area within tissues [10]. For EEG signal detection, Sauer et al , designed a coupling link based on circular coils with external coil dimensions of 50 mm and an internal coil of 20 mm to offer 28 mm of distance with an operating frequency of 4 MHz, the implanted coil size is still the issue when it occupies a relatively large area [11]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Optimization of Spiral Circular Inductive Coupling Link for Bio-Implanted Applications on Air and within Human Tissue

Mutashar

Hannan

Samad

et al. 2014

Sensors

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The use of wireless communication using inductive links to transfer data and power to implantable microsystems to stimulate and monitor nerves and muscles is increasing. This paper deals with the development of the theoretical analysis and optimization of an inductive link based on coupling and on spiral circular coil geometry. The coil dimensions offer 22 mm of mutual distance in air. However, at 6 mm of distance, the coils offer a power transmission efficiency of 80% in the optimum case and 73% in the worst case via low input impedance, whereas, transmission efficiency is 45% and 32%, respectively, via high input impedance. The simulations were performed in air and with two types of simulated human biological tissues such as dry and wet-skin using a depth of 6 mm. The performance results expound that the combined magnitude of the electric field components surrounding the external coil is approximately 98% of that in air, and for an internal coil, it is approximately 50%, respectively. It can be seen that the gain surrounding coils is almost constant and confirms the omnidirectional pattern associated with such loop antennas which reduces the effect of non-alignment between the two coils. The results also show that the specific absorption rate (SAR) and power loss within the tissue are lower than that of the standard level. Thus, the tissue will not be damaged anymore.

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“…Therefore, the new IMD power consumption is going to be orders of magnitude higher than more traditional IMDs, e.g., pacemakers [6], and supplying them with primary batteries will not be an option. Inductive power transmission across the skin is, however, a viable solution to overcome size, cost, and longevity while providing sufficient power to such IMDs [5], [7]–[9]. Considering that the temperature at the outer surface of the IMD should not increase more than 2°C for the surrounding tissue to survive [10], it is of utmost importance for the inductive link and the IMD power management circuitry to maintain very high power transfer efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High Frequency Active Voltage Doubler in Standard CMOS Using Offset-Controlled Comparators for Inductive Power Transmission

Lee

Ghovanloo

2013

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst.

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In this paper, we present a fully integrated active voltage doubler in CMOS technology using offset-controlled high speed comparators for extending the range of inductive power transmission to implantable microelectronic devices (IMD) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. This active voltage doubler provides considerably higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and lower dropout voltage compared to its passive counterpart and requires lower input voltage than active rectifiers, leading to reliable and efficient operation with weakly coupled inductive links. The offset-controlled functions in the comparators compensate for turn-on and turn-off delays to not only maximize the forward charging current to the load but also minimize the back current, optimizing PCE in the high frequency (HF) band. We fabricated the active voltage doubler in a 0.5-μm 3M2P std. CMOS process, occupying 0.144 mm2 of chip area. With 1.46 V peak AC input at 13.56 MHz, the active voltage doubler provides 2.4 V DC output across a 1 kΩ load, achieving the highest PCE = 79% ever reported at this frequency. In addition, the built-in start-up circuit ensures a reliable operation at lower voltages.

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Power harvesting and telemetry in CMOS for implanted devices

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Energy harvesting for the implantable biomedical devices: issues and challenges

Energy harvesting for the implantable biomedical devices: issues and challenges

Analysis and Optimization of Spiral Circular Inductive Coupling Link for Bio-Implanted Applications on Air and within Human Tissue

A High Frequency Active Voltage Doubler in Standard CMOS Using Offset-Controlled Comparators for Inductive Power Transmission

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