Power flow calculation of power systems incorporating VSC-HVDC

Optimal power flow for combined AC and multi-terminal HVDC grids based on VSC converters

“…The red dashed lines stands for possible voltage range. The vertical black line divides the normal nodes (1-10) and the additional nodes for the converter stations (11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Figure 5 shows the voltage levels in the DC grid.…”

“…An approach to model a VSC terminal is shown in [10], but the terminal losses are neglected in this model. Another power flow calculation with a HVDC link in a AC grid is presented in [11].…”

Design and implementation of a VSC for interconnection with power grids, using the method of identification the system through state space for the calculation of controllers

“…Some authors have mentioned that the active power and reactive power flows can be independently controlled by mean of intervention of the phase and amplitude of the AC voltage generated from the converter respectively, with respect to the AC grid voltage [10][11][12][13]. This assumption is based on the fact that the VSC connected to an active AC grid acts as a synchronous machine; therefore, it can control active power and reactive power almost instantaneously.…”

Fuzzy Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques Applied to a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System

“…A sinusoidal AC voltage v c (t) as shown in (10) can be virtually generated at any angle and amplitude using Sinusoidal Pulse Wide Modulation (SPWM) techniques at forced commutation and subsequent filtering of high frequency components. The active and reactive power flow can be independently controlled manipulating the phase and amplitude of the AC wave voltage generated by the converter Sood (2004), Diaz et al (2007), Zhang & Xu (2001), Gengyin et al (2004), Padiyar & Prabhu (2004). This assumption is based on the fact that the VSI connected to an active AC grid behaves like the stator of a synchronous machine (figure 7), regarding only the fundamental frequency component.…”