Power consumption characterization, modeling and estimation of electric vehicles

Abstract

Rapid electric vehicle (EV) penetration gives a threatening challenge in electric energy generation. An 1,814 kg curb weight full electric vehicle driving 18,129 km/year consumes electricity energy equivalent to 74% of the total residential electricity use per person in the US. This implies that 27% more nationwide electricity generation is needed when 70% of passenger vehicles are replaced with EVs. This paper is the first step toward systematic EV design-time and runtime optimization. We introduce instantaneous power consumption modeling of an EV by the curb weights, speed, acceleration, road slope, passenger and cargo weights, motor capacity, and so on, as a battery discharge model. The model also considers the onboard charger, regenerative braking and so on, as a battery charge model. To insure model fidelity, we fabricate a lightweight custom EV, perform extensive measurement, and derive model coefficients using multivariable regression analysis. We estimate the EV instantaneous power consumption of a given speed and route profiles and verify the estimation fidelity with a real test run data.

Accurate remaining range estimation for Electric vehicles

“…where F R , F G , F I , F A , θ, m, v, and a are the rolling resistance, gradient resistance, inertia resistance, aerodynamic resistance, road slope, vehicle curb weight, velocity, and acceleration, respectively [1]. The model coefficients α, β, γ, and A represent rolling resistance, gradient resistance, inertia resistance, and aerodynamic resistance, respectively.…”

“…5. Velocity versus regenerative braking power [1]. where δ is the coefficient corresponding to the regenerative force, and ε to be the minimum power to generate the regenerative braking power.…”

“…The fuel efficiency of an EV is known to be three times higher than that of an ICEV [1], but the driving range is generally shorter because the battery energy density is much lower than that of gasoline or diesel fuel. Unfortunately, EV fuel efficiency is a strict linear function by the curb weights.…”

“…There are a range of efforts going on to extend the EV driving range including higher density batteries [2], fast charging [3], deploying more EV charging facilities, and mission-oriented low-energy EV design and operation [1]. Facing the hardness of improving the technical specification of the EV itself, there have been other approaches to increase the driving range of the EV.…”

“…Facing the hardness of improving the technical specification of the EV itself, there have been other approaches to increase the driving range of the EV. The cruise control optimizing the power consumption of the EV is studied in [1], [4], [5]. These practices optimize a cost function that consists of terms related to the tradeoff between energy saving and EV velocity.…”