Power-aware VLSI design of reversible watermarking for access control

Maity, Goutam Kumar; Jana, Poulami; Mandal, Himadri; Chiu, Tien‐Lung

doi:10.1007/s00542-019-04342-1

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…We first needed to determine the value of T in (25). For strong embedding δ ∈ {0, ±1, ±2}, the following equation can be inferred:…”

Section: Embedding Strength Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the mean square deviation (MSE) between original and watermarked pictures was 2. According to (25), the theoretical PSNR of strong-embedding approach can be calculated:…”

Section: Embedding Strength Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although spatial-domain watermarking methods are easy to implement and usually require less computational resources, they are not robust enough to attacks such as JPEG compression and geometry attacks [19]. As for the transform domain, image watermarking methods are mostly carried out in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain [1,7,13], the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain [20][21][22] or the discrete wave transformation (DWT) domain [9,[22][23][24][25][26]. Watermarking in the transform domain is often based on the human vision system (HVS) [2,4,10,27,28] model to achieve invisibility and robustness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Hidden DCT-Based Invisible Watermarking Method for Low-Cost Hardware Implementations

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents an invisible and robust watermarking method and its hardware implementation. The proposed architecture is based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm. Novel techniques are applied as well to reduce the computational cost of DCT and color space conversion to achieve low-cost and high-speed performance. Besides, a watermark embedder and a blind extractor are implemented in the same circuit using a resource-sharing method. Our approach is compatible with various watermarking embedding ratios, such as 1/16 and 1/64, with a PSNR of over 45 and the NC value of 1. After Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression with a quality factor (QF) of 50, our method can achieve an NC value of 0.99. Results from a design compiler (DC) with TSMC-90 nm CMOS technology show that our design can achieve the frequency of 2.32 GHz with the area consumption of 304,980.08 μm2 and power consumption of 508.1835 mW. For the FPGA implementation, our method achieved a frequency of 421.94 MHz. Compared with the state-of-the-art works, our design improved the frequency by 4.26 times, saved 90.2% on area and increased the power efficiency by more than 1000 fold.

show abstract

“…We first needed to determine the value of T in (25). For strong embedding δ ∈ {0, ±1, ±2}, the following equation can be inferred:…”

Section: Embedding Strength Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the mean square deviation (MSE) between original and watermarked pictures was 2. According to (25), the theoretical PSNR of strong-embedding approach can be calculated:…”

Section: Embedding Strength Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%