Powdered chicken stock may be an important source of dietary sodium intake in Maputo, Mozambique

Sousa, Sofia; Damasceno, Albertino; Gelormini, Marcello; Jessen, Neusa; Lunet, Nuno; Padrão, Patrícia

doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdx113

Cited by 5 publications

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“…Sodium to potassium ratio exceeded five times the WHO recommendation [28,29], and this was observed even in purchases containing foods which could be considered as main courses, where a higher amount of potassium would be expected. Homemade food items presented a median sodium to potassium ratio significantly higher than the industrial ones (6.8 vs. 0.5, p < 0.001), which can be explained by the excessive addition of salt and/or sodium-rich ingredients, as reported in other settings [46,47]. Results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 showed that high blood pressure is the leading risk factor for disease in Eastern Europe, also underscoring the disproportionately high burden of cardiovascular disease in this region [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Nutritional Content of Street Food and Takeaway Food Purchased in Urban Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sousa

Morais

Albuquerque

et al. 2021

Foods

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Street food (SF) and takeaway food (TAF) are important sources of out-of-home meals in urban Bosnia and Herzegovina, where diet-related non-communicable diseases are growing rapidly. This study aimed to characterise SF and TAF purchased in urban areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, regarding customers’ characteristics and the nutritional composition of the foods and beverages. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Sarajevo and Banja Luka in 2017. SF (n = 194) and TAF vending sites (n = 154) were selected through random and systematic sampling. Data on the food items purchased and customers’ characteristics were collected by direct observation. Nutritional composition was estimated using data from chemical analyses of the foods most commonly available. Two-thirds of the customers observed (n = 755) were aged ≥35 years, half were women and 27.7% were overweight/obese. A total of 929 food items were purchased. The most commonly bought SFs were confectionery (30.5%), water (27.9%) and soft drinks/juices (22.2%). TAF customers purchased mostly savoury pastries (39.8%), breads (27.1%) and main dishes (21.4%). Almost half of customers purchased industrial food (i.e., pre-packaged foods and beverages produced by the food industry). The purchases presented median contents of 18.7 g of fat (39.6% saturated, 32.3% monounsaturated, 22.1% polyunsaturated, 1.5% trans), 838 mg of sodium and 285 mg of potassium. Saturated-fat contribution was higher in SF purchases (60.4% vs. 30.2%, p < 0.001), whereas TAF purchases presented higher trans-fat proportion (1.8% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.001), sodium (1241 vs. 89 mg, p < 0.001) and sodium-potassium ratio (6.1 vs. 0.6, p < 0.001). Generally, SF and TAF bought in Sarajevo and Banja Luka were rich in saturated and trans fatty-acids and sodium, and poor in potassium. Nutrition policies promoting use of healthier fats and salt reduction in SF and TAF may contribute to the prevention of diet-related diseases in these settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Nutritional Content of Street Food and Takeaway Food Purchased in Urban Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sousa

Morais

Albuquerque

et al. 2021

Foods

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“…Sodium to potassium ratio exceeded four times the recommendation [ 28 , 29 ] in purchases from all settings, being of even greater concern in the urban contexts of Dushanbe and Bishkek , in line with previous evidence [ 44 ]. The homemade food items purchased presented a median sodium to potassium ratio significantly higher than the industrial ones (5.20 vs. 3.29, p < 0.001), which could be attributed to the excessive use of added salt and/or sodium-rich ingredients (e.g., soy sauce) during homemade foods’ preparation/cooking, as observed in other settings [ 45 ]. However, foods classified as homemade or industrial are heterogeneous in terms of the groups they belong to, and some are not sources of salt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Street Foods Purchased by Customers in Urban Areas of Central Asia

et al. 2021

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This study aimed to describe street food purchases in cities from Central Asia, considering customers’ characteristics and the nutritional composition of the foods and beverages. Cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2016/2017 in Dushanbe (Tajikistan), Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan). Direct observation was used to collect data on the purchases made by street food customers, selected by random and systematic sampling. Nutritional composition was estimated using data from chemical analyses, food composition tables or food labels. A total of 714 customers (56.6% females, 55.5% aged ≥35 years, 23.3% overweight/obese) were observed, who bought 852 foods and beverages, the most frequent being savoury pastries/snacks (23.2%), main dishes (19.0%), sweet pastries/confectionery (17.9%), tea/coffee (11.3%) and soft drinks/juices (9.8%). Fruit was the least purchased food (1.1%). Nearly one-third of customers purchased industrial food items (31.9%). The median energy content of a street food purchase was 529 kcal/serving. Saturated and trans-fat median contents were 4.7 g/serving and 0.36 g/serving (21.4% and 16.5% of maximum daily intake recommendations, respectively). Median sodium and potassium contents were 745 mg/serving (37.3% of maximum recommendation) and 304 mg/serving (8.7% of minimum recommendation), respectively. In general, the purchases observed presented high contents of energy, saturated-fat, trans-fat and sodium, and low levels of potassium. Policies towards the improvement of these urban food environments should be encouraged.

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“…Although these homemade dishes were classified within the lowest degree of processing, they might also contain processed ingredients in their composition. A previously published work by Sousa et al 2018, reporting on analysis of photographic records of the street food vending sites in KaMpfumu, Maputo, showed that processed ingredients, mainly chicken powdered stocks, composed mostly of sodium, were often available for use in culinary preparations [33], and that the homemade dishes most frequently available as street food had concerning values of sodium to potassium ratio, ranging from 1.89 in fried cakes to 11.95 in stewed liver dishes [22]. Findings from this setting also showed that, although traditional culinary practices were still well rooted [8], high consumption of processed ingredients was observed [8,9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Street Food in Maputo, Mozambique: The Coexistence of Minimally Processed and Ultra-Processed Foods in a Country under Nutrition Transition

Sousa

Gelormini²,

Damasceno

et al. 2021

Foods

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The aim was to characterise the extent of processing and nutritional composition of the street foods offered in Maputo, Mozambique. A cross-sectional study was conducted in October–November 2014 in the urban district of KaMpfumu. Twenty public transport stops were randomly selected, around which 500 meters buffers were drawn. All streets within these buffers were canvassed to identify all street food vending sites. Street food offer was assessed through interviews. Nutritional composition was estimated using standardised recipes (for homemade foods), food labels (for industrial products) and food composition tables (for in natura foods). The processing extent was classified using the “NOVA” food classification. A total of 810 vending sites were assessed. Unprocessed/minimally processed foods were available at 70.5% of vending sites (mainly fruit, water, and tea) and ultra-processed foods at 59.0% (mostly cakes, cookies, confectionery, and soft drinks). Energy content per 100 g of unprocessed or minimally processed foods was significantly lower than in all other food groups. In all food groups, contribution to total energy value was highest for carbohydrates (range: 33.1–51.2%), followed by fats (range: 29.3–36.0%) and protein (range: 6.8–18.6%). Public health policies targeting the improvement of this urban food environment should consider not only the nutritional composition but also the processing extent of the foods and beverages available.

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Powdered chicken stock may be an important source of dietary sodium intake in Maputo, Mozambique

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Nutritional Content of Street Food and Takeaway Food Purchased in Urban Bosnia and Herzegovina

Nutritional Content of Street Food and Takeaway Food Purchased in Urban Bosnia and Herzegovina

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Street Foods Purchased by Customers in Urban Areas of Central Asia

Street Food in Maputo, Mozambique: The Coexistence of Minimally Processed and Ultra-Processed Foods in a Country under Nutrition Transition

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