Powder Characteristics and Biocidal Activity of the MnOx–WO3–TiO2 System Synthesized by a Sol–Gel Method for Antifouling Agents

Abstract

The TiO₂-system powders were investigated with respect to the crystallinity and the microstructure. The biocidal activity increased from TiO₂ to binary MnOx-TiO₂ to ternary MnOx-WO₃-TiO₂ against Vibrio fischeri as a model of Gram-negative bacteria. Anatase and rutile TiO₂ were not toxic even at 200 mg/L, but anatase has been observed in bacterial growth inhibition due to the different electronic band (lattice) structure. All materials containing manganese oxides were toxic: the toxicity correlation (EC₅₀) of MnOx-WO₃ and MnOx-WO₃-TiO₂ was 7.0, 1.8 ppm, respectively. The high antifouling activity of MnOx-WO₃-TiO₂ was attributed to its redox potential and soluble metal ions originating from tungsten oxides according to the improvements in the powder characteristics.

Preparation, characterisation and optimisation of zinc–praseodymium inorganic antibacterial material through response surface methodology

“…This method has been used to solve problems influenced by many variables. [21][22][23][24][25][26] The most feasible experimental conditions can be obtained by modelling and analysis. BoxBehnken design is also an experimental design applied to evaluate the nonlinear relation between an index and a factor.…”