“…With improved delivery devices and formulations, inline DPIs have been tested using in vitro experiments for application to invasive mechanical ventilation (3,7), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation with a face mask (11), and high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy (12). Considering invasive mechanical ventilation, studies by Tang et al (3) and Feng et al (7) have placed the Osmohaler™ containing high dose mannitol powder in a custom chamber and evaluated delivery to the end of endotracheal tubes.…”