Poverty, Urbanization, and Crime

Flango, Victor E.; Sherbenou, Edgar L.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1976.tb00027.x

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Age shifts refers to the proportion of young individuals in a population (e.g., ages 15–24; Moffitt, ) and have been associated with violent crimes (Anderson et al, ). Poverty is linked to a weakening of social bonds and an increase in psychological strain, violent subcultures, and criminal motivation (Flango & Sherbenou, ). Education is thought to discourage crime by reducing criminal motivation and increasing social control (Elliott & Voss, ; LaFree, ).…”

Section: Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Violent Movies and Severe Acts of Violence: Sensationalism Versus Science

2014

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Violent media has often been blamed for severe violent acts. Following recent findings that violence in movies has increased substantially over the last few decades, this research examined whether such increases were related to trends in severe acts of violence. Annual rates of movie violence and gun violence in movies were compared to homicide and aggravated assault rates between the years of 1960 and 2012. Time series analyses found that violent films were negatively, although nonsignificantly, related to homicides and aggravated assaults. These nonsignificant negative relations remained present even after controlling for various extraneous variables. Results suggest that caution is warranted when generalizing violent media research, conducted primarily in laboratories and via questionnaires, to societal trends in violent behavior.

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Section: Current Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Violent Movies and Severe Acts of Violence: Sensationalism Versus Science

2014

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“…Matters amenable to administrative resolution include cases that would otherwise have required courts to collect fines (such as parking tickets, traffic cases, and ordinance violations) as well as uncontested cases (such as uncontested probate, no-fault divorce, naturalization, name change, and juvenile truancy cases). 58 Failure to reach a resolution in the initial administrative review need not mean immediate referral to a court. Many administrative issues can be resolved by appeals to a tribunal within the administrative agency.…”

Section: Remove Certain Disputes From the Court Adjudicatory Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

21 Cost-Saving Measures For The Judiciary

Vapnek¹

2013

IJCA

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Abstract:Courts around the world are increasingly facing budget cuts and funding shortfalls. Budget problems are particularly acute in developing countries, where courts need to increase efficiency and access to justice while also managing resource limitations. International development agencies and donors expect measurable progress to justify continued funding of judicial reform projects. Yet, as rule of law efforts in developing countries improve public perception of courts and streamline court administration, more cases may be filed. Greater use of the courts puts greater strain on court resources, triggering the need to implement cost-saving measures while maintaining effective court administration. This paper outlines 21 measures that courts can implement to reduce costs. Specific examples from developing countries are presented wherever possible, with additional examples drawn from the United States and Europe. Although this paper is intended mainly for audiences in developing countries, the issues facing those courts are similar to issues addressed through court reforms in the United States over the past 50 years.2 For this reason, examples of cost-saving measures from developed countries such as the United States may be directly applicable or could be used as starting points to spur further cost savings innovation in the developing world.Section I of this paper explains the context for the implementation of judicial cost-saving measures, and raises some issues for reflection. Section II sets out specific judicial cost-saving measures, dividing them into three categories: measures that address court operations; measures directed at staffing and salaries; and measures that relate to court and case management. Section III discusses ways that countries and judiciaries can generate ideas for new and innovative cost-saving mechanisms. Implications of Judicial Cost-Saving MeasuresThere is little doubt that implementation of cost-saving measures can make courts more agile and well-organized. Court systems and staff can benefit from inward reflection and identification of steps to reduce non-essential spending and eliminate redundant processes. In this way, many courts may see improvements in efficiency and accountability. Regular evaluation of court spending holds court administrators more accountable for their expenditures and expense reporting. Improvements can yield more streamlined, transparent, and economical procedures and administrative structures.But courts rarely cut costs solely to increase efficiency for efficiency's sake. Courts implement judicial cost-saving measures in an environment of increasing scarcity: budgets are trimmed and courts must cut costs like other government departments. But cutting costs in the courts is unlike cutting costs in other sectors. Courts in many jurisdictions are independent and intentionally removed from the political process, and therefore have no avenue to advocate for themselves or for preserving their budgets. More importantly, reductions in court funding can have ...

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“…of geography and time (Bikhchandani, Hirshleifer, and Welch (1992), Ellison and Fudenberg (1995), Akerlof (1997)), whereas confounders only vary at fine levels of geography or time, but not both. For example, localized confounders of crime such as neighborhood wealth levels (Flango and Sherbenou (1976)) and family structure (Sampson (1985)) vary more slowly than crime itself, while rapidly varying causes of crime such as weather (Cohn (1990)) tend to affect nearby neighborhoods similarly. Our primary empirical obstacle is that we cannot know ex ante (a) whether this conjecture is correct and (b) if it is correct, what levels of temporal and geographical fixed effects (and aggregation of the data) will successfully isolate the variation of interest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying dynamic spillovers of crime with a causal approach to model selection

Caetano

Maheshri

2018

Quantitative Economics

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Does crime in a neighborhood cause future crime? Without a source of quasiexperimental variation in local crime, we develop an identification strategy that leverages a recently developed test of exogeneity (Caetano (2015)) to select a feasible regression model for causal inference. Using a detailed incident-based data set of all reported crimes in Dallas from 2000 to 2007, we find some evidence of dynamic spillovers within certain types of crimes, but no evidence that lighter crimes cause more severe crimes. This suggests that a range of crime reduction policies that target lighter crimes (prescribed, for instance, by the "broken windows" theory of crime) should not be credited with reducing the violent crime rate. Our strategy involves a systematic investigation of endogeneity concerns and is particularly useful when rich data allow for the estimation of many regression models, none of which is agreed upon as causal ex ante.

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Poverty, Urbanization, and Crime

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

Violent Movies and Severe Acts of Violence: Sensationalism Versus Science

Violent Movies and Severe Acts of Violence: Sensationalism Versus Science

21 Cost-Saving Measures For The Judiciary

Identifying dynamic spillovers of crime with a causal approach to model selection

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