Poverty, Employment, Investment, and Education Relationships: The Case of Egypt

Abstract

The main objective of this article is to study the poverty, employment, investment, and education relationships in Egypt. The article presents a macro-level analysis and concentrates on promoting economic growth from below and restructuring economic activities in favor of deprived regions. The study starts with a general overview of poverty in Egypt that establishes the beginning for the macro exploration so as to recommend macro policies for fighting poverty. The results ascertain that the decrease in the earnings of individuals can describe the correlation between poverty and employment. Economic growth is believed to be the principal motivation for job creation and extension of social programs that aim at overcoming poverty.

Country’s Entrepreneurial Environment Predictors for Starting a New Venture—Evidence for Romania

“…The study of Hidalgo-Hidalgo and Iturbe-Ormaetxe (2018) [66] raises concern over this matter and finds out that the expenses undertaken at the public level with respect to education can indeed display promising results in terms of improving life opportunities on the long term. Maloma (2016) [67] considers that the absence of education can make the individual who is affected by poverty minimize earning possibilities, therefore, in line with previous and subsequent research [68][69][70], he indicates that the undertaking of investments in education represents an essential action step in fighting against poverty, as it enhances one's self-employment opportunities and as such, boosts prosperity.…”

Regional Differences in Intelligence in Egypt: A Country Where Upper Is Lower

“…Secondly, it must be stressed that Egypt is not ethnically homogenous. Lynn and Vanhanen's (2012) national IQ data setthough it has been criticized with regard to many individual national datasetsis clear that the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africa is considerable lower than that of the Middle East; a difference of around a standard deviation. It has been shown that the average IQ of the Arab Sudanese, living in the area of Sudan which borders Upper Egypt, is 77.4 (Bakhiet & Lynn, 2014a).…”

“…moves southward (Holfelder et al, 2017). The theory espoused by Lynn and Vanhanen (2012), the Cold Winters Theory, argues that colder environments select more strongly for intelligence and this explains their finding that sub-Saharan Africans have lower intelligence than Europeans, even at a very early age and in Western countries. If this theory is correct, and it must be remembered there is much debate over this, then sub-Saharan admixture would reduce average intelligence.…”

“…Jensen, 1998) and that average national IQ predicts socioeconomic differences between countries (e.g. Lynn & Vanhanen, 2012).…”

“…There remains debate over the exact direction of causation. Lynn and Vanhanen (2012), for example, argue that IQ is in the region of 0.8 heritable among adults, IQ is relatively invariant across the lifespan, ethnic minorities in Western countries reflect the IQ of their host country and that high-IQ groups living in arid conditions maintain a high IQ and flourish economically, such as the Chinese in Singapore. As such, they maintain, IQ is causal in regional and international differences in socioeconomic variables.…”