“…The prevalence of parasites, bacterial, and viral pathogens is higher in free-range compared to the intensively managed poultry production system in Ghana (Mensah-Kumi, 2017;Asumang et al 2019). However, access to veterinary services is constrained by the remoteness of most rural settlements (Enahoro et al, 2021;Ouma et al 2023). Ethnoveterinary practice is a widely used method for the treatment of poultry ailments in Ghana (Turkson & Naandam, 2002;Aboe et al 2006b;Adomako, 2009;Blackie, 2014b;Avornyo et al 2016;Ouma et al 2023).…”