Potentiometric Analysis of Benzalkonium Chloride with 3D Printed Ion-Selective Membranes

Abstract

Benzalkonium (BA+) chloride is one of the most common preservatives used in prescription-based and over-the-counter eye drops. Knowing the concentration of BA+ in eye drops is important for quality control (at the pharmaceutical preparation stage) and human health (ocular toxicity has been linked to BA+ use). This paper describes the design and fabrication of a benzalkonium-selective potentiometric sensor for the determination of BA+ in ophthalmic solutions. The sensor is composed of a 3D-printed ion-selective membrane (ISM) that selectively measures BA+ in the presence of potentially interfering ions routinely found in ophthalmic formulations (i.e., Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, and K+). The 3D printed BA+-ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) produced a Nernstian response of 55 mV/Decade across a range of 1.0 mM to 31.0 µM BA+ along with an LOD of 8 µM, which covers the relevant concentration range found in ophthalmic solutions. The 3D printed BA+-ISEs proved to be highly stable with an average drift of 205 µV/hr. Successful measurement of BA+ in diluted ophthalmic solutions was completed from 100 to 500 µM. The mass production capability afforded by 3D-printing offers a unique and intriguing fabrication protocol for developing low-cost sensors which could be incorporated quickly and seamlessly by pharmaceutical companies or community-based pharmacies.

Structural and Mechanical Behavior of Copper-TiC-Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Microwave Sintering Technique

“…The hardness enhancement is attributed to the grain growth restriction by pinning of TiC at the grain boundary. [29][30][31][32][33][34]…”

Synergetic Effect of CeO2 Doping on Structural and Tribological Behavior of Fe-Al2O3 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites

“…In another study it was found that 3D-printing offers an interesting and captivating manufacture convention for growing minimal expense sensors which could be integrated rapidly and consistently by drug organizations or local area-based drug stores. 21 Nguyen et al delineates the presentation of the electrochemical sensor which was measurably examined by the CV and DPV strategies exhibiting precision practically identical to other logical strategies also showing that MPB not entirely set in stone in beauty care products with high recuperation going from 97% to 104.3%. 22 To depict recent research progress connected with the turn of events and improvement of screen-printed terminals (SPEs).…”

Transforming Soft Robotics: Laminar Jammers Unlocking Adaptive Stiffness Potential in Pneunet Actuators

“…Advanced 3D printing and sensing technologies further improve these mechanisms' stability, contributing to energy-efficient bio-inspired robots. 37,38 However, in comparison to electrically-driven stiffening actuators, laminar jammers boast superior reaction times, minimal hysteresis, low maintenance requirements, and the capacity to generate significantly stronger resistive forces.…”