Potentially harmful metals, and health risk evaluation in groundwater of Mardan, Pakistan: Application of geostatistical approach and geographic information system

Rashid, Abdur; Ayub, Muhammad; Javed, Asif; Khan, Sardar; Gao, Xubo; Li, Chengcheng; Ullah, Zahid; Sardar, Tariq; Muhammad, Jan; Nazneen, Shahla

doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2020.12.009

Cited by 42 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Moreover, EC, TDS, and level specified were expected to influence by erosion of schistose rocks having sulfide minerals. The TDS, EC, Na + , and K + could be derived through bedrock leaching, implying that PC-1 has geogenic sources [7,28]. In contrast, the Cl − , NO 3 − , and SO 4 2− impurity is caused by anthropogenic sources such as animal manure, agriculture fertilizer, and atmospheric and soil sources [12,61,62].…”

Section: Principal Component Analysis (Pca) and Correlation Analysis Of Groundwater Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mineral deposits in groundwater credits mainly subsidize sodium (Na + ) absorption. An unusual sodium concentration may result in different health disorders like hypertension, headache, and kidney failure, while less concentration may result in depression, low blood pressure, and mental problems [27,28]. There is another essential element like iron (Fe), which is necessary for hemoglobin and other enzymatic activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Ullah

Talib

Rashid

et al. 2021

Water

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Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, sixty-one groundwater samples were collected from various groundwater sources in District Sanghar, Sindh province, Pakistan, to understand the geochemical behavior of elevated As in groundwater. Statistical summary showed the cations and anions abundance in decreasing order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−. Arsenic was found with low to high concentration levels ranging from 5 µg to 25 µg/L with a mean value of 12.9 µg/L. A major water type of groundwater samples was mixed with NaCl and CaHCO3 type, interpreting the hydrochemical behavior of rock–water interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the mixed anthropogenic and natural sources of contamination in the study area. Moreover, rock weathering and exchange of ions controlled the hydrochemistry. Chloro-alkaline indices revealed the dominance of the reverse ion exchange mechanism in the region. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) exposed that 17 samples represent poor water, and 11 samples are not suitable for drinking.

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Section: Principal Component Analysis (Pca) and Correlation Analysis Of Groundwater Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Ullah

Talib

Rashid

et al. 2021

Water

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“…AT is the average time (ED × 365 days/year). W AB is the average body weight; the respective values of 32.7 kg and 72 kg were used for Pakistani children and adults [46,47]. The left-censored data (data below LOD and LOQ) were processed by applying the substitution method of EFSA [48].…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins through Intake of Eastern Herbal Medicines Collected from Four Districts of Southern Punjab—Pakistan

Javed

Naeem

Benkerroum

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Eastern herbal medicines (HMs) are plant-derived naturally occurring substances with minimum or no industrial processing that have long been used in traditional medicine. Aflatoxins are frequent contaminants of plants. Therefore, these mycotoxins are likely to contaminate HMs and pose a health risk to individuals using them on a regular basis as preventive or curative treatments of various diseases. The present study aimed to determine aflatoxin levels in the most popular Pakistani HM formulations and to assess the health risk associated with the intake of aflatoxins. A total of 400 samples of HM formulations collected from four districts of Punjab were analyzed for the quantification of aflatoxins, out of which 52.5% were found to be contaminated. The average daily dose (ADD) of AFB1 and AFs through the intake of HM formulations ranged between 0.00483 and 0.118 ng/kg bw/day and between 0.00579 and 1.714 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The margin of exposure (MOE) and population cancer risk ranged from 99.49 to 29378.8 and from 0.00011 to 0.0325 liver cancer cases/105 individuals/year (0.0075–2.455 liver cancer cases/105 individuals/75 years), respectively. Despite the low exposure to aflatoxins from HM formulations in the four studied Punjab (Pakistan) districts, the frequent contamination of the analyzed samples suggests that official measures should be considered to manage the associated risk.

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“…Saturation indices reflect the mechanism of groundwater enrichment and thermodynamic pattern in which the mineral dissolves/precipitates in water by computing groundwater information in the PHREEQ program (Deutsch, 1997;Rashid et al, 2020a). The high temperature, the lack of rainfall, and the arid-semiarid atmosphere increase the precipitation of calcite in the water system.…”

Section: Insert Fig4 Herementioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical evolution processes and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Iqbal¹,

Su²

2021

Preprint

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Groundwater is a vital resource for human life and economic growth. In the Khanewal district of Punjab, Pakistan, environmental changes, and anthropogenic activities have made groundwater extremely vulnerable in the past forty years. Sixty-eight groundwater samples were collected from the study area, major ions and trace elements were analyzed. The Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis were used to identify the major factors influencing groundwater quality, as well as to assess its suitability for drinking and irrigation in southern Punjab. The aquifers are slightly acidic to alkaline, according to the pH (6.9–9.2) of groundwater. Significant cations are distributed as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while anions are distributed as HCO3− > SO42− > Cl−. The main hydrochemical facies are mixed Na·Ca-HCO3 and Na·Ca (Mg)-HCO3·SO4. Rock weathering processes, such as the dissolution of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum minerals, governed groundwater hydrochemistry. The water quality index (WQI) indicates that 17.64% of the water samples are unsuitable to drink. However, according to the Wilcox diagram, the USSL diagram, and some other agricultural indices, approximately 68% of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation.

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Potentially harmful metals, and health risk evaluation in groundwater of Mardan, Pakistan: Application of geostatistical approach and geographic information system

Cited by 42 publications

References 61 publications

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan

Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins through Intake of Eastern Herbal Medicines Collected from Four Districts of Southern Punjab—Pakistan

Hydrogeochemical evolution processes and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

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