Potentially Harmful Elements in the Atmosphere

Rampazzo, Giancarlo; Innocente, Elena; Pecorari, Eliana; Squizzato, Stefania; Valotto, Gabrio

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8965-3_1

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…The issue of air pollution is, for the modern era, a paradox in which scientific and technological culture promotes prosperity but at the same time endangers life on earth. 1…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

Karavas

Karayannis

Μουστάκας

2020

Energy & Environment

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This study aims to compare air quality indices applied in European Union countries towards adopting a common air quality index. The urban European cities Rome, Madrid, Paris, London, Berlin, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo were selected. Using the EEA AirBase air quality database, time series data for the major atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5) were recovered for each city, for most recent years available. Daily averages, maximum hourly values and maximum 8-h averages were calculated for each pollutant. The air quality indices selected were BelAQI, DAQx, DAQI, AtmoIndex, AQIH, and CAQI. The daily value of each air quality indices and the corresponding dominant atmospheric pollutant were determined for each city. A two-stage normalization procedure was applied on air quality indices in a 0–1 range, to allow their direct comparison without altering their structure. All air quality indices exhibited air quality rates over 64% for all cities, thus below the European Union air quality standard. The dominant pollutant was NO2 for both BelAQI and DAQx; O3 for both DAQI and AQIH (with an exception for Warsaw where SO2 was the dominant pollutant). For CAQI, NO2 prevails in Berlin, London, Warsaw, Stockholm, and Oslo, while O3 prevails in Rome, Madrid, and Paris. The dominant pollutant for AtmoIndex was NO2 in Berlin, Warsaw, and Stockholm; O3 in Madrid, Paris, London, and Oslo; PM10 in Rome. A very strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and CAQI, and also between CAQI and DAQx. A strong positive statistical correlation ( p < 0.01) was found for all cities between BelAQI and DAQx. A moderate positive correlation was shown between the following pairs of indices: AtmoIndex-DAQI, AtmoIndex-AQIH, DAQI-AQIH, BelAQI-AQIH, and AQIH-CAQI. On the contrary, a weak positive correlation was noticed between the following pairs of indices: BelAQI-DAQI, BelAQI-AtmoIndex, DAQX-DAQI, DAQx-AQIH, DAQI-CAQI, and CAQI-AtmoIndex. After the normalization process that enables the direct comparison of the air quality indices, the main results are the BelAQI presents the largest normalized median (range 0.33–0.5) implying the worst air quality compared to the other air quality indices. The CAQI has a median value of 0.33, the DAQx of 0.25, while the AtmoIndex a median value range of 0.125–0.375, and the DAQI and AQIH of 0.165–0.33. Concluding, the AQIH can be proposed as a common European Union air quality index because: firstly, its calculation comprises all significant atmospheric pollutants including PM2.5, thereby being harmonized with the Directive 2008/50/EC, and, secondly, AQIH does not display extremely low or high (normalized) values compared to the other air quality indices.

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“…The issue of air pollution is, for the modern era, a paradox in which scientific and technological culture promotes prosperity but at the same time endangers life on earth. 1…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

Karavas

Karayannis

Μουστάκας

2020

Energy & Environment

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“…First, Versailles lies in the suburban region of the Paris agglomeration, where atmospheric depositions may be far greater than in rural areas [41]. Second, the long-term experiment is situated about 150 m away from a main national motorway (N10), engendering local heavy-metal contamination that affects all plots via exhaust gas of gasoline and diesel vehicles, or by tire-wear abrasion [42]. Third, the 42 plots have recorded a cumulative budget since 1929, whereas the moss survey inventory presents data from a recent period, when many efforts were made to reduce atmospheric pollution.…”

Section: Sources Of Element Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the present study, 26 plots were selected and divided into 4 groups with comparable analytical characteristics: (1) ammonium-based fertilizers (sulfate, phosphate, chloride, nitrate) and dried blood; results indicated by red bars (or spots) and black borders; (2) monovalent Na-and/or K-based fertilizers added as sulfate, chloride, or nitrate; for the sodic treatments, the results are indicated by yellow bars with red borders; (3) reference plots, 4 from the left-hand nitrogen block (reference L) and 4 from the right-hand K, P, and basic amendments block (reference R); results indicated by gray bars with black borders; and (4) basic amendments, indicated by green bars with black borders. The samples from plots along a small road in sight of the INRA's research center (19)(20)(21)(40)(41)(42) were excluded from our study due to suspected localized dust contamination [19]. In addition to global sampling in the surface horizon, bulk and undisturbed samples were also collected in the underlying E, B and C horizons of a dozen plots, using a root auger device (diameter 8 cm, height 15 cm), until the carbonated parent material was reached, between 90 and >120 cm.…”

Section: Long-term Bare Fallow Experiments Of Inra Versaillesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centennial Fertilization-Induced Soil Processes Control Trace Metal Dynamics. Lessons from a Long-Term Bare Fallow Experiment

Oort

Paradelo

Proix³

et al. 2018

Soil Systems

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Long-term bare fallow (LTBF) experiments with historical sample archives offer unique opportunities to study long-term impacts of anthropogenic activities on mineral soil fractions. In natural agro-and ecosystems, such impacts are often masked by organic matter due to its buffering action and rapid turnover. The 42-plot LTBF trial of INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) started in Versailles (France) in 1928 to assess the impacts of prolonged application of fertilizers and amendments on the composition and properties of loamy soils. Here, we established geochemical budgets of major and trace elements on surface samples from 1929 and 2014 for four groups of treatments relevant for developed soil processes. We considered accompanying effects of soil compaction or decompaction due to changing physicochemical conditions over 85 years. Element losses from the surface horizon were quantified via fertilization-induced or -amplified soil processes: clay leaching favored by Na-or K-based fertilization, and lixiviation of major and trace elements in acidic or alkaline soil conditions. Enhanced mineral weathering was shown for acidified and nonamended plots. Conclusions on trace metal migration were confirmed by selected analyses on subsurface horizons. Additional information was provided on specific element inputs via fertilizers and/or diffuse inputs via atmospheric deposition.

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Urban soils and human health

Bini

2018

EQA - International Journal of Environmental Quality

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Potentially Harmful Elements in the Atmosphere

Cited by 3 publications

References 112 publications

Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

Comparative study of air quality indices in the European Union towards adopting a common air quality index

Centennial Fertilization-Induced Soil Processes Control Trace Metal Dynamics. Lessons from a Long-Term Bare Fallow Experiment

Urban soils and human health

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