Potential Use of Chemoprotectants against the Toxic Effects of Cyanotoxins: A Review

Guzmán-Guillén, Remedios; Puerto, María; Gutiérrez-Praena, Daniel; Prieto, Ana I.; Pichardo, Silvia; Jos, Ángeles; Campos, Alexandre; Vasconcelos, Vı́tor; Cameán, Ana M.

doi:10.3390/toxins9060175

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 173 publications

(322 reference statements)

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“…For these reasons, humans can be more likely exposed to CYN than to other cyanotoxins as up to 90% of total CYN is presented in surrounding waters. Although the liver and kidney are target organs of CYN, other organs such us lungs, heart, thymus, stomach, spleen, intestinal tract, skin, nervous, immune, vascular and lymphatic systems could also be damaged [1,20,21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

Díez-Quijada

Prieto

Puerto

et al. 2019

Toxins

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The co-occurrence of various cyanobacterial toxins can potentially induce toxic effects different than those observed for single cyanotoxins, as interaction phenomena cannot be discarded. Moreover, mixtures are a more probable exposure scenario. However, toxicological information on the topic is still scarce. Taking into account the important role of mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the risk evaluation framework, the objective of this study was to assess the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of mixtures of two of the most relevant cyanotoxins, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), using the battery of in vitro tests recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for food contaminants. Mixtures of 1:10 CYN/MC-LR (CYN concentration in the range 0.04–2.5 µg/mL) were used to perform the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames test) in Salmonella typhimurium, the mammalian cell micronucleus (MN) test and the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA) on L5178YTk± cells, while Caco-2 cells were used for the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. The exposure periods ranged between 4 and 72 h depending on the assay. The genotoxicity of the mixture was observed only in the MN test with S9 metabolic fraction, similar to the results previously reported for CYN individually. These results indicate that cyanobacterial mixtures require a specific (geno)toxicity evaluation as their effects cannot be extrapolated from those of the individual cyanotoxins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

Díez-Quijada

Prieto

Puerto

et al. 2019

Toxins

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“…reported in the Midwestern U.S., microcystins (MCs) are most prevalent . Human exposure to MCs has been linked to symptoms ranging from skin and eye irritation, carcinogenicity, liver failure, and death in extreme circumstances. − Over 100 naturally occurring congeners of MC have been identified, each possessing unique chemical structures, dictating toxicity. , Of these congeners, MC-LR is the most common and toxic, and can persist in the environment for months at a time. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tile Drainage and Anthropogenic Land Use Contribute to Harmful Algal Blooms and Microbiota Shifts in Inland Water Bodies

Mrdjen

Fennessy

Schaal

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs), driven by nutrient inputs from anthropogenic sources, pose unique risks to human and ecological health worldwide. A major nutrient contributor is agricultural land use, specifically tile drainage discharge. Small lakes and ponds are at elevated risk for HAB appearance, as they are uniquely sensitive to nutrient input. HABs introduce exposure risk to microcystin (MC), hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxins. To investigate the impact of anthropogenic land use on small lakes and ponds, 24 sites in central Ohio were sampled over a 3-month period in late summer of 2015. MC concentration, microbial community structure, and water chemistry were analyzed. Land use intensity, including tile drainage systems, was the driver of clustering in principle component analysis, ultimately contributing to nutrient deposition, a driver of HABs. Relative abundance of HAB-forming genera was correlated with elevated concentrations of nitrate and soluble reactive phosphate. One location (FC) showed MC concentrations exceeding 875 μg/L and large community shifts in ciliates (Oligohymenophorea) associated with hypoxic conditions. The prokaryotic community at FC was dominated by Planktothrix sp. These results demonstrate the impact of HABs in small lakes and ponds, and that prevailing issues extend beyond cyanotoxins, such as cascading impacts on other trophic levels.

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“…Therefore, it would be necessary also to test the effect of an extract from a non-CYN-producing culture in order to establish the contribution of these substances to the final response. Also, other oxidative stress biomarkers (protein or DNA oxidation) have not yet been studied, nor has the effect of different chemoprotectants on oxidative stress biomarkers [ 66 ]. In this regard, only López-Alonso et al [ 38 ] observed that resveratrol partially reduced the cytotoxicity that was induced by CYN in primary rat hepatocytes.…”

Section: Toxicity Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of Cylindrospermopsin: A Review

Pichardo

Cameán

Jos

2017

Toxins

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanobacterial toxin that is gaining importance, owing to its increasing expansion worldwide and the increased frequency of its blooms. CYN mainly targets the liver, but also involves other organs. Various mechanisms have been associated with its toxicity, such as protein synthesis inhibition, oxidative stress, etc. However, its toxic effects are not yet fully elucidated and additional data for hazard characterization purposes are required. In this regard, in vitro methods can play an important role, owing to their advantages in comparison to in vivo trials. The aim of this work was to compile and evaluate the in vitro data dealing with CYN available in the scientific literature, focusing on its toxicokinetics and its main toxicity mechanisms. This analysis would be useful to identify research needs and data gaps in order to complete knowledge about the toxicity profile of CYN. For example, it has been shown that research on various aspects, such as new emerging toxicity effects, the toxicity of analogs, or the potential interaction of CYN with other cyanotoxins, among others, is still very scarce. New in vitro studies are therefore welcome.

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Potential Use of Chemoprotectants against the Toxic Effects of Cyanotoxins: A Review

Cited by 10 publications

References 173 publications

In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin

Tile Drainage and Anthropogenic Land Use Contribute to Harmful Algal Blooms and Microbiota Shifts in Inland Water Bodies

In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of Cylindrospermopsin: A Review

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