“…The efficiency of saliva sample preparation and analysis is improved by combining the DSS method with a highly sensitive detection instrument [22,24]. The assay protocols used for drug testing have been performed by applying a range of analytical techniques, including highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, solidphase extraction (SPE), liquidliquid extraction (LLE), and protein precipitation (PP) approaches [21].…”
Section: Sample Collection and Analysis Methodsmentioning
Therapeutic drug monitoring investigations based on saliva samples can be utilized as an alternative to blood sampling for many advantages. Moreover, the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling tools can further help to estimate drug exposure from saliva. This review discusses the use of saliva samples and illustrates the applications and examples of PBPK modeling systems for estimating drug exposure from saliva.This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited.
“…The efficiency of saliva sample preparation and analysis is improved by combining the DSS method with a highly sensitive detection instrument [22,24]. The assay protocols used for drug testing have been performed by applying a range of analytical techniques, including highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, solidphase extraction (SPE), liquidliquid extraction (LLE), and protein precipitation (PP) approaches [21].…”
Section: Sample Collection and Analysis Methodsmentioning
Therapeutic drug monitoring investigations based on saliva samples can be utilized as an alternative to blood sampling for many advantages. Moreover, the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling tools can further help to estimate drug exposure from saliva. This review discusses the use of saliva samples and illustrates the applications and examples of PBPK modeling systems for estimating drug exposure from saliva.This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited.
“…It involves spotting the liquid specimen onto a collection card, allowing it to dry, and then transferring it to a tube with an extracting solvent [15,21]. Likewise, Dried saliva spots (DSSs) are reported in the literature as an alternative to liquid oral fluid for TDM [22]. DSSs method offers many benefits, including simple transit and storage, cheap shipping costs, a tiny volume of greater analyte stability, a sample, and less chance of contamination because of an improperly handled sample [23].…”
Section: Sample Collection and Analysis Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The efficiency of saliva sample preparation and analysis is improved by combining the DSS method with a highly sensitive detection instrument 22 24 . The assay protocols used for drug testing have been performed by applying a range of analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and protein precipitation (PP) approaches 21 .…”
Therapeutic drug monitoring investigations based on saliva samples can be
utilized as an alternative to blood sampling for many advantages. Moreover, the
development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling tools can
further help to estimate drug exposure from saliva. This review discusses the
use of saliva samples and illustrates the applications and examples of PBPK
modeling systems for estimating drug exposure from saliva.
“…It has been demonstrated that alginate-and chitosan-treated papers further improved the sample stability for up to 30 days [143]. This approach has proven useful in the assay of the oral cancer biomarker (matrix metalloproteinase-1) [144] in the diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus [145] and for the measurement of antiepileptic [18,133], cannabinoids [146], and metabolites [103,147,148].…”
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a specialized area of laboratory medicine which involves the measurement of drug concentrations in biological fluids with the aim of optimizing efficacy and reducing side effects, possibly modifying the drug dose to keep the plasma concentration within the therapeutic range. Plasma and/or whole blood, usually obtained by venipuncture, are the “gold standard” matrices for TDM. Microsampling, commonly used for newborn screening, could also be a convenient alternative to traditional sampling techniques for pharmacokinetics (PK) studies and TDM, helping to overcome practical problems and offering less invasive options to patients. Although technical limitations have hampered the use of microsampling in these fields, innovative techniques such as 3-D dried blood spheroids, volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS), dried plasma spots (DPS), and various microfluidic devices (MDS) can now offer reliable alternatives to traditional samples. The application of microsampling in routine clinical pharmacology is also hampered by the need for instrumentation capable of quantifying analytes in small volumes with sufficient sensitivity. The combination of microsampling with high-sensitivity analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), is particularly effective in ensuring high accuracy and sensitivity from very small sample volumes. This manuscript provides a critical review of the currently available microsampling devices for both whole blood and other biological fluids, such as plasma, urine, breast milk, and saliva. The purpose is to provide useful information in the scientific community to laboratory personnel, clinicians, and researchers interested in implementing the use of microsampling in their routine clinical practice.
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