Potential trends in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) drug use on a college campus: Wastewater analysis of amphetamine and ritalinic acid

Burgard, Daniel A.; Fuller, Richard W.; Becker, Brian W.; Ferrell, Rebecca; Dinglasan-Panlilio, M. Joyce

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.020

Cited by 83 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…[38] As legal medications, amphetamine and methamphetamine are commonly prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, obesity and Parkinson's disease. [38,39] Amphetamine is also a metabolite of methamphetamine and of many other drugs (e.g. selegiline, amphetaminil and prenylamine).…”

Section: Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[129] Suitable biomarkers such as prescription drugs, creatinine, caffeine, acesulfame, nitrogen, phosphorus, and chemical and biological oxygen demands can be incorporated to better estimate the population served by a wastewater treatment plant. [39,115,129,132,133] Use of both the census data and the estimation of population served by the treatment plant based on atenolol load have been suggested. [116] The estimated drug usage rates based on the two population estimates were 623-1370 and 364-1410 mg for D 9 -THC; 176-531 and 129-614 mg for cocaine estimated based on cocaine, 109-450 and 98.8-521 mg for cocaine estimated based on benzoylecgonine; 146-298 and 110-345 mg for methamphetamine estimated based on methamphetamine, 161-312 and 123-360 mg for methamphetamine estimated based on amphetamine; and 77-297 and 45-343 mg for ecstasy (MDMA).…”

Section: H I N a -S H E N Z H E N ( B I N H E )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Asimakopoulos

Kannan

2016

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewaters are of increasing environmental concern. We compile the recent literature and evaluate the concentrations and profiles of various drugs and their removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants. The sewage epidemiology approach, used in the estimation of drug usage in communities, is discussed, and we make recommendations for future research in this area.Abstract. Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs encompass a broad range of compounds including opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antipsychotics, anaesthetics, anti-epileptics and mood stabilisers, lysergic compounds, sympathomimetic amines and cocaine derivatives. In this article, we review studies on the occurrence and fate of these drugs in wastewater treatment plants. In general, among various drugs studied, the concentrations and detection frequencies of opioids and cocaine derivatives were the highest in wastewaters. The forensic analysis of wastewaters suggests that cocaine and opioids usage has increased. Given the fact that data on drug usage can be used for making regulatory decisions and policies, this review focuses on understanding the sources and environmental dynamics of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs. There is a pressing need for more research on the magnitude and extent of illicit drug consumption. The 'sewage epidemiology' approach, currently applied in the estimation of illicit drug consumption in communities, is reviewed. The field of wastewater research has been advancing in multipronged paths, incorporating concepts in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, biochemistry, sewage engineering, drug epidemiology and statistics. Future prospects with regard to the occurrence and environmental fate of illicit and psychoactive drugs are recommended.

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Section: Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H I N a -S H E N Z H E N ( B I N H E )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Asimakopoulos

Kannan

2016

Environ. Chem.

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“…SBE is not limited to illicit drugs. Examples encompass antihistamine use in the general population or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder medications used by students during semester and examination periods (Burgard et al 2013). Identifying doping used by athletes was suggested but may prove difficult due to sampling issues and other practi cal as pects (Harman et al 2011).…”

Section: Special | Td-awardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sewage-based Epidemiology Requires a Truly Transdisciplinary Approach

Ort¹,

Banta‐Green²,

Bijlsma³

et al. 2014

GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society

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If asked whether you had consumed illicit drugs recently, would you admit it? If yes, could you precisely recall types of drug, times and amounts used? If you were the person commissioned with the task of quantifying drug use, what approach would you use given the social stigma attached with such behavior? We measure drug residues in sewage, which represents urine of entire populations, to provide an objective estimate of total drug use in a region. In transdisciplinary projects, sewage-based results provide valuable information at unrivaled spatiotemporal resolution complementing traditional data.

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“…For instance, the literature indicates that the primary motives for NMUPD among college students include experimentation, recreational purposes, and to increase their academic performance [11][12][13][14]. More specifically, common reasons college students reported engaging in the non-medical use of stimulants (i.e., Adderall, Vyvanse, and Ritalin) to increase performance during academic examination periods [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: Perceptions of Minority College Students

Oluwoye¹,

Nabors²,

Merianos³

et al. 2017

J Behav Health

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Objective: The goal of this study was to examine undergraduate minority students' perceptions toward the non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD). Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 (68.2% female; 40.9% Asian; mean age = 20 years) minority students from a large Midwestern University in the US. Results: Four major themes were revealed: Motives for the NMUPD, sources for obtaining drugs, the influence of the college environment and areas surrounding the university, and suggested prevention programing. Conclusion: Findings revealed several problem areas among college students, especially among minorities. It is critical that programs and policies on college campuses increase efforts to address the misuse of prescription drugs. Prevention efforts should also incorporate cultural factors to address minority students on campus.

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Potential trends in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) drug use on a college campus: Wastewater analysis of amphetamine and ritalinic acid

Cited by 83 publications

References 35 publications

Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Sewage-based Epidemiology Requires a Truly Transdisciplinary Approach

Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: Perceptions of Minority College Students

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