Potential therapeutic applications of phytoconstituents as immunomodulators: Pre‐clinical and clinical evidences

Abstract

Autoimmune and infectious diseases are the major public health issues and have gained great attention in the last few years for the search of new agents with therapeutic benefits on the host immune functions. In recent years, natural products (NPs) have been studied broadly for their multi-targeted activities under pathological conditions. Interestingly, several attempts have been made to outline the immunomodulatory properties of NPs. Research on in-vitro and in-vivo models have shown the immunomodulatory activity of NPs, is due to their antiinflammatory property, induction of phagocytosis and immune cells stimulation activity. Moreover, studies on humans have suggested that phytomedicines reduce inflammation and could provide appropriate benefits either in single form or complex combinations with other agents preventing disease progression, subsequently enhancing the efficacy of treatment to combat multiple malignancies.However, the exact mechanism of immunomodulation is far from clear, warranting more detailed investigations on their effectiveness. Nevertheless, the reduction of inflammatory cascades is considered as a prime protective mechanism in a number of inflammation regulated autoimmune diseases. Altogether, this review will discuss the biological activities of plant-derived secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, polysaccharides and so forth, against various diseases and their potential use as an immunomodulatory agent under pathological conditions.

Study of Naturally-derived Biomolecules as Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike Protein

“…Natural products have a rich history in drugs with therapeutic importance [27]. It has been reported that, since 1994, 50% of the approved drugs have been rooted based on natural phytoconstituents [28]. Despite the fact that this approach has given rise to the successful identification of lead compounds and approved drugs discussed above, it is anticipated that combining computational approaches with experimental-based natural product research will enhance the success rate.…”

Botanicals: A promising approach for controlling cecal coccidiosis in poultry

“…Tannins can also protect the epithelium cells from damage and maintain the integrity of nucleic acid during microbial infections (208)(209)(210). Tannins also show immunomodulatory activities and potentiate the immune response, helping control infections (211)(212)(213)(214). Tannins are also antioxidants and reduce oxidative stress, a condition commonly associated with numerous diseases, especially cecal coccidiosis (21, 215).…”

Immunostimulant plant proteins: Potential candidates as vaccine adjuvants

“…While liposomes adjuvant is characterized by their biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, manufacturing costs and the generation of a weak immune response are still the major limitations of their application (Ali, Singh, & Datusalia, 2021 ).…”

“…Modulation of cytokine profile, in addition to direct stimulation of immune cells, has been reported as the main mechanism of action (Moutia, Habti, & Badou, 2018). Furthermore, the biological studies of Aloe vera have shown its ability to improve the production of TNFα and IL‐6 levels in human peripheral blood macrophages (Ali et al, 2021).…”