Potential Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pediatric Food Allergy

Abstract

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved both in immune system regulation and inflammation. In particular, within the PUFAs category, omega-3 (ω-3) may reduce inflammation, whereas omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs are generally considered to have a proinflammatory effect. Recent evidence highlights an imbalance in the ω-3: ω-6 ratio with an increased intake of ω-6, as a consequence of the shift towards a westernized diet. In critical age groups such as infants, toddlers and young children, as well as pregnant and lactating women or fish allergic patients, ω-3 intake may be inadequate. This review aims to discuss the potential beneficial effects of PUFAs on pediatric food allergy prevention and treatment, both at prenatal and postnatal ages. Data from preclinical studies with PUFAs supplementation show encouraging effects in suppressing allergic response. Clinical studies results are still conflicting about the best timing and dosages of supplementation and which individuals are most likely to benefit; therefore, it is still not possible to draw firm conclusions. With regard to food-allergic children, it is still debated whether PUFAs could slow disease progression or not, since consistent data are lacking. In conclusion, more data on the effects of ω-3 PUFAs supplementation alone or in combination with other nutrients are warranted, both in the general and food allergic population.

Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenic Role and Potential Therapeutic Targets

“…While individuals who consume higher proportions of red meat and fats have a higher risk of IBD, others who predominantly consume fibers from vegetables and fruits have a lower risk [ 101 , 102 ]. Regarding dietary fat content, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, recent data indicate that a high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, typical of Western-style diets, is associated with proinflammatory effects [ 103 ]. Furthermore, polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to exert not only effects on the immune response, directly acting on immune cells, but also influence the composition of the gut microbiota, thereby affecting host–microbiome interactions at different levels [ 104 ].…”

The Effect of Dietary Components of the Mediterranean Diet on Food Allergies: A Systematic Review

“…In the papers included herein, higher maternal and newborn proportions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were related to a decreased prevalence of IgE-associated illness (p = 0.01-0.05) in a dose-dependent manner [19]. According to the findings of a systematic review conducted by Sartorio (2021), supplementation with PUFAs inhibits allergic response in preclinical studies [27]. Still, other studies investigating general atopy indicated that long chain PUFA supplementation during pregnancy did not decrease the general rate of IgE-associated allergies in the first year of life; however, atopic eczema and egg sensitization were reduced [14,17].…”

Food allergy prevention: where are we in 2023?

“…Data on consumption of LCn3s in the antenatal period and early infancy have been reproduced in many studies worldwide for prevention of inhalant allergies, as summarized in recent reviews [ 141 , 142 ]. The data on food allergy are not as reproducible or as strong.…”