Potential role of dietary nitrate in relation to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health, cognition, cognitive decline and dementia: a review

Rajendra, Anjana; Bondonno, Nicola P.; Rainey‐Smith, Stephanie R.; Gardener, Samantha L.; Hodgson, Jonathan M.; Bondonno, Catherine P.

doi:10.1039/d2fo02427f

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…In humans, nitrate and nitrite reserves may be effectively increased through the consumption of green leafy vegetables and root vegetables, including beetroot, cress, lettuce, spinach, rucola, and celery, which may contain 1000 to 2000–2500 mg nitrate per kg −1 fresh weight [ 10 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In contrast, onions, peas, and potatoes contain low levels of NO 3 − .…”

Section: Dietary Sources Of Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Figure 2 shows the nitrate content (mg/kg) in selected vegetables and fruits as described by The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [ 25 ]. The level of NO 3 − in vegetables is dependent on different factors, including soil type, the intensity of sunlight, nitrate content in water and fertilizers, cooking procedures, transport methods, and storage conditions [ 10 , 17 , 19 , 26 , 27 ]. The results of Ding et al [ 28 ] indicate that pickled vegetable (for example pickled beets) have a lower nitrate content compared to fresh vegetables.…”

Section: Dietary Sources Of Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, different papers describe the fact that nitrate supplementation (including green leafy and root vegetables) may have an effect on cardiovascular health. They may help regulate blood pressure, limit a the progression of atherosclerosis, and improve myocardial contractility in healthy subjects and patients with cardiovascular diseases [ 8 , 10 , 23 , 36 , 37 , 39 ]. Figure 1 presents the beneficial action of nitric oxide (its regulatory and protective functions) in the cardiovascular system, together with the nitrate/nitrite/nitric oxide pathways.…”

Section: Nitric Oxide and Cardiovascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is evidence that mammalian tissues have the capacity to reduce NO 3 − to NO 2 − via xanthine oxidoreductase or by the oral microbiome. However, humans have a greater proportional dependence on NO 3 − reduction via the oral microbiome than by xanthine oxidoreductase compared with other mammals [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Interestingly, the reduction of nitrite by mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) in the mitochondria may be an important signaling pathway for NADH-dependent hypoxic NO production [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cardioprotective Role of Nitrate-Rich Vegetables

Olas

2024

Foods

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Nitric oxide (NO) is an inorganic radical produced by both the non-enzymatic nitrate (NO3−)—nitrite (NO2−)—NO pathway and enzymatic reactions catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Also, as nitrate and nitrite from dietary and other endogenous sources can be reduced back to nitric oxide in vivo, the endogenous NO level can be increased through the consumption of nitrate–rich vegetables. Ingestion of dietary NO3− has beneficial effects which have been attributed to a subsequent increase in NO: a signaling molecule that may regulate various systems, including the cardiovascular system. A diet rich in NO3− from green leafy and root vegetables has cardioprotective effects, with beetroot products being particularly good sources of NO3−. For example, various studies have demonstrated a significant increase in nitrite levels (regarded as markers of NO) in plasma after the intake of beetroot juice. The present review describes the current literature concerning the role of nitrate-rich vegetables (especially beetroot products) in the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review is based on studies identified in electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Knowledge, Sci Finder, Web of Science, and SCOPUS.

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Section: Dietary Sources Of Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dietary Sources Of Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nitric Oxide and Cardiovascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cardioprotective Role of Nitrate-Rich Vegetables

Olas

2024

Foods

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“…The body’s nitrate stores can be augmented by the ingestion of nitrate-rich foods [ 2 ]. Due to its abundant nitrate content, beetroot ( Beta vulgaris ) intake is well recognized to impart beneficial health effects such as lowering blood pressure, cognitive impairment, and risk of developing cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases [ 3 , 4 ]. In this regard, accumulating data are showing potent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of beetroot extracts (BE) in diabetic and obese individuals or animal models by acting through several mechanisms on the gut, liver, and adipose tissue [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nephroprotective and Anti-Diabetic Potential of Beta vulgaris L. Root (Beetroot) Methanolic Extract in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Al-Harbi,

Alshammari,

Shamlan

et al. 2024

Medicina

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Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease associated with several complications, including that of kidney disease. Plant-based dietary products have shown promise in mitigating these effects to improve kidney function and prevent tissue damage. This study assessed the possible favorable effects of beetroot extract (BE) in improving kidney function and preventing tissue damage in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced using a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ). Both control and rats with pre-established T2DM were divided into six groups (each consisting of eight rats). All treatments were given by gavage and continued for 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels, serum fasting insulin levels, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), serum triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, serum and urinary albumin, and creatinine and urea levels were measured. Apart from this, glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukine-6 in the kidney homogenates of all groups of rats were measured, and the histopathological evaluation of the kidney was also performed. Results: It was observed that treatment with BE increased body weight significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to be similar to that of control groups. Fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR levels, and lipid profile in the plasma of the pre-established T2DM rats groups decreased to p ≤ 0.05 in the BE-treated rats as the BE concentration increased. Treatment with BE also improved the renal levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, urinary albumin, and serum creatinine and urea levels. Unlike all other groups, only the kidney tissues of the T2DM + BE (500 mg/kg) rats group showed normal kidney tissue structure, which appears to be similar to those found in the kidney tissues of the control rats groups. Conclusion: we found that streptozotocin administration disturbed markers of kidney dysfunction. However, Beta vulgaris L. root extract reversed these changes through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms.

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Higher plant-derived nitrate intake is associated with lower odds of frailty in a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older women

Hayes,

Dent,

Shannon

et al. 2024

Eur J Nutr

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Purpose Dietary nitrate intake is inversely related to numerous contributors towards frailty, including cardiovascular disease and poor physical function. Whether these findings extend to frailty remain unknown. We investigated if habitual nitrate intake, derived from plants or animal-based foods, was cross-sectionally associated with frailty in women. Methods Community-dwelling older Australian women (n = 1390, mean age 75.1 ± 2.7 years) completed a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nitrate concentrations in food were obtained from international nitrate databases. We adopted the Rockwood frailty index (FI) of cumulative deficits comprising 33 variables across multiple health domains (scored 0 to 1), which predicts increased hospitalisation and mortality risk. A FI ≥ 0.25 indicated frailty. Cross-sectional associations between nitrate intake (total plant and animal nitrate, separately) and frailty were analysed using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models (including lifestyle factors), as part of restricted cubic splines. Results A non-linear inverse relationship was observed between total plant nitrate intake and frailty. Compared to women with the lowest plant nitrate intake (Quartile [Q]1), women with greater intakes in Q2 (OR 0.69 95%CI 0.56–0.84), Q3 (OR 0.67 95%CI 0.50–0.90) and Q4 (OR 0.66 95%CI 0.45–0.98) had lower odds for frailty. A nadir in the inverse association was observed once intakes reached ~ 64 mg/d (median Q2). No relationship was observed between total animal nitrate and frailty. Conclusion Community-dwelling older women consuming low amounts of plant-derived nitrate were more likely to present with frailty. Consuming at least one daily serving (~ 75 g) of nitrate-rich green leafy vegetables may be beneficial in preventing frailty.

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Potential role of dietary nitrate in relation to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health, cognition, cognitive decline and dementia: a review

Abstract: There is currently no effective treatment for dementia, of which Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form. It is, therefore, imperative to focus on evidence-based preventive strategies to combat...

Cited by 9 publications

References 178 publications

The Cardioprotective Role of Nitrate-Rich Vegetables

The Cardioprotective Role of Nitrate-Rich Vegetables

Nephroprotective and Anti-Diabetic Potential of Beta vulgaris L. Root (Beetroot) Methanolic Extract in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Higher plant-derived nitrate intake is associated with lower odds of frailty in a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older women

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