Potential role for age as a modulator of oral nitrate reductase activity

Ahmed, Khandaker Ahtesham; Kim, Kiyoung; Ricart, Karina; Pol, William Van Der; Qi, Xiaoping; Bamman, Marcas M.; Behrens, Christian E.; Fisher, Gordon; Boulton, Michael E.; Morrow, Casey D.; O’Neal, Pamela V.; Patel, Rakesh P.

doi:10.1016/j.niox.2020.12.001

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Nevertheless, several factors have been identified which could explain genuine differences in the response to NO 3 − between individuals. These include individual characteristics such as age [124,125], health [126] and exercise training status [40,49], sex [14], genetic factors [127], and differences in the oral microbiome (explored further in Section 5 of this review). In addition, betweenparticipant differences in potentially plastic lifestyle factors such as smoking status [128], use of mouthwash [129], and habitual diet [49,130] might also impact an individual's response to NO 3 − .…”

Section: Research Focus 4: Inter-individual Differences In the Response To Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies

Shannon

Easton

Shepherd

et al. 2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background Dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3−) is a polyatomic ion, which is present in large quantities in green leafy vegetables and beetroot, and has attracted considerable attention in recent years as a potential health-promoting dietary compound. Numerous small, well-controlled laboratory studies have reported beneficial health effects of inorganic NO3− consumption on blood pressure, endothelial function, cerebrovascular blood flow, cognitive function, and exercise performance. Translating the findings from small laboratory studies into ‘real-world’ applications requires careful consideration. Main body This article provides a brief overview of the existing empirical evidence basis for the purported health-promoting effects of dietary NO3− consumption. Key areas for future research are then proposed to evaluate whether promising findings observed in small animal and human laboratory studies can effectively translate into clinically relevant improvements in population health. These proposals include: 1) conducting large-scale, longer duration trials with hard clinical endpoints (e.g. cardiovascular disease incidence); 2) exploring the feasibility and acceptability of different strategies to facilitate a prolonged increase in dietary NO3− intake; 3) exploitation of existing cohort studies to explore associations between NO3− intake and health outcomes, a research approach allowing larger samples sizes and longer duration follow up than is feasible in randomised controlled trials; 4) identifying factors which might account for individual differences in the response to inorganic NO3− (e.g. sex, genetics, habitual diet) and could assist with targeted/personalised nutritional interventions; 5) exploring the influence of oral health and medication on the therapeutic potential of NO3− supplementation; and 6) examining potential risk of adverse events with long term high- NO3− diets. Conclusion The salutary effects of dietary NO3− are well established in small, well-controlled laboratory studies. Much less is known about the feasibility and efficacy of long-term dietary NO3− enrichment for promoting health, and the factors which might explain the variable responsiveness to dietary NO3− supplementation between individuals. Future research focussing on the translation of laboratory data will provide valuable insight into the potential applications of dietary NO3− supplementation to improve population health.

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Section: Research Focus 4: Inter-individual Differences In the Response To Nitratementioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies

Shannon

Easton

Shepherd

et al. 2021

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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“…Most oral nitrate-reducing bacteria are facultative anaerobic bacteria, and there is a clear correlation between the density of nitrate-reducing bacteria and nitrite production rate. The most active site of nitrate reduction activity in the human oral cavity is the dorsal part of the tongue, which was also demonstrated in an animal study using rats [Ahmed et al, 2021]. Studies have shown that nitrate reduction activity is absent in the oral saliva of germ-free rats, and nitrite levels are significantly lower in the oral cavity of adults after taking broad-spectrum antimicrobials [Senkus and Crowe-White, 2020].…”

Section: Property Of Oral Nitrate-reducing Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 88%

The Role of Oral Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria in the Prevention of Caries: A Review Related to Caries and Nitrate Metabolism

et al. 2023

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Circulating nitrate is actively absorbed by salivary glands and secreted into the oral cavity, where it is reduced to nitrite by oral nitrate-reducing bacteria. This process has previously been considered harmful because nitrate and nitrite can promote the formation of potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. However, recent studies have shown that nitrate may have other physiological functions, and it can serve as a precursor for the systemic production of nitric oxide and perform nitric oxide (NO)-like functions, such as promoting vasodilation, regulating metabolic diseases, alleviating senescence, and protecting the digestive system. Inside the oral cavity, nitric oxide is likely to inhibit sensitive species as part of the non-specific oral immune system. Exogenous administration of nitrate can maintain a balance in the pH of saliva. Oral nitrate-reducing bacteria can control the progression of caries by metabolizing lactic acid and reducing its accumulation, which is beneficial to the homeostasis of the oral microecology. In the current manuscript, we reviewed nitrate-reducing bacteria and their nitrate-metabolizing functions during the development of caries. Furthermore, we listed the effects of probiotics and dietary modification, which may be a promising method to prevent the occurrence of caries. We believe that this review provides novel ideas for the prevention of caries and treatment in clinical settings.

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“…In addition, the enzymatic activity of NRB varies in a bell-shaped pattern with age (peaking at 30–50 years). It may also vary according to the oral chemical environment (pH, saliva composition, periodontitis), diet type, hygiene practices, and gender [ 81 ]. More bacteria with NRA have been discovered in the OC, and the species are more and more abundant, indicating that NRB may play an indispensable role in human health.…”

Section: Relationship Between Nrb and Their Metabolic Process And Hos...mentioning

confidence: 99%

From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease

Liu,

Huang,

Huang

et al. 2023

Eur J Med Res

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Current research has described improving multisystem disease and organ function through dietary nitrate (DN) supplementation. They have provided some evidence that these floras with nitrate (NO3−) reductase are mediators of the underlying mechanism. Symbiotic bacteria with nitrate reductase activity (NRA) are found in the human digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract (GT). Nitrate in food can be converted to nitrite under the tongue or in the stomach by these symbiotic bacteria. Then, nitrite is transformed to nitric oxide (NO) by non-enzymatic synthesis. NO is currently recognized as a potent bioactive agent with biological activities, such as vasodilation, regulation of cardiomyocyte function, neurotransmission, suppression of platelet agglutination, and prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. NO also can be produced through the conventional l-arginine–NO synthase (l-NOS) pathway, whereas endogenous NO production by l-arginine is inhibited under hypoxia–ischemia or disease conditions. In contrast, exogenous NO3−/NO2−/NO activity is enhanced and becomes a practical supplemental pathway for NO in the body, playing an essential role in various physiological activities. Moreover, many diseases (such as metabolic or geriatric diseases) are primarily associated with disorders of endogenous NO synthesis, and NO generation from the exogenous NO3−/NO2−/NO route can partially alleviate the disease progression. The imbalance of NO in the body may be one of the potential mechanisms of disease development. Therefore, the impact of these floras with nitrate reductase on host systemic health through exogenous NO3−/NO2−/NO pathway production of NO or direct regulation of floras ecological balance is essential (e.g., regulation of body homeostasis, amelioration of diseases, etc.). This review summarizes the bacteria with nitrate reductase in humans, emphasizing the relationship between the metabolic processes of this microflora and host systemic health and disease. The potential effects of nitrate reduction bacteria on human health and disease were also highlighted in disease models from different human systems, including digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, and urinary systems, providing innovative ideas for future disease diagnosis and treatment based on nitrate reduction bacteria.

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Potential role for age as a modulator of oral nitrate reductase activity

Cited by 9 publications

References 59 publications

Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies

Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies

The Role of Oral Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria in the Prevention of Caries: A Review Related to Caries and Nitrate Metabolism

From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease

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