Potential problems with "well fitting" models.

Tomarken, Andrew J.; Waller, Niels G.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.578

Cited by 340 publications

(292 citation statements)

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“…SEM allows the investigator to estimate measurement and causal models, to assess the adequacy of each theorized model, and to compare competing models (Bollen 1989; Burns and NolenHoeksema 1992;Tomarken and Waller 2003). Several fit indices were used, including the χ 2 , the χ 2 /df, the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI; Bentler and Bonett 1980), the Comparative Fit 2 In the study by Hall et al (2007), 150 pairs of siblings were included.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several fit indices were used, including the χ 2 , the χ 2 /df, the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI; Bentler and Bonett 1980), the Comparative Fit Index (CFI ;Bentler 1990) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA; Browne and Cudeck 1993) with a 90% confidence limit. The TLI, CFI and RMSEA are sometimes recommended because they are less affected by sample size than the chi-square test (Tomarken and Waller 2003). CFI or TLI values close to 1.0 indicate a good fit, as do RMSEA values below 0.05 (Browne and Cudeck 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal Changes in Intellectual Development in Children with Fragile X Syndrome

Hall

Burns

Lightbody

et al. 2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the development of intellectual functioning in 145 school-age pairs of siblings. Each pair included one child with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and one unaffected sibling. All pairs of children were evaluated on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) at time 1 and 80 pairs of children received a second evaluation at time 2 approximately 4 years later. Compared to their unaffected siblings, children with FXS obtained significantly lower percentage correct scores on all subtests of the WISC at both time points. During the time between the first and second assessments, the annual rate of intellectual development was approximately 2.2 times faster in the unaffected children compared to the children with FXS. Levels of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) were highly associated with intellectual ability scores of the children with FXS at both time points (r=0.55 and 0.64 respectively). However, when gender, age, and the time between assessments were included as covariates in the structural equation model, FMRP accounted for only 5% of the variance in intellectual ability scores at time 1 and 13% of the variance at time 2. The results of this study suggest that slower learning contributes to the low and declining standardized IQ scores observed in children with FXS. KeywordsFragile X syndrome; Structural equation modeling; Intellectual functioning; IQ; FMRP Fragile X syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in every 4,000 live births and is the most common inherited form of cognitive and behavioral disability. In 1991, Verkerk and colleagues reported that a single gene on the X chromosome (locus Xq27.3), FMR1, was associated with the symptoms of FXS (Verkerk et al. 1991). Subsequent research revealed that persons with FXS had increased numbers of triplet (CGG) repeats within FMR1. In normal alleles, the CGG repeats vary from 6 to 50, whereas expansions of ~50-200 repeats are associated with the "premutation" form of the gene seen in carrier females and males. The probability of having a child with the full mutation increases as the length of the mothers' CGG repeat length increases-a phenomenon known as genetic anticipation. Larger expansions (200 to thousands) of CGG repeats are considered "full mutations" and are typically associated with excessive methylation of cytosines in the FMR1 promoter. This hallss@stanford.edu. HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscript J Abnorm Child Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 April 04. Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript modification extinguishes transcription of the FMR1 gene into mRNA, thus stopping translation of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP plays an important role in the development of synaptic function, maturation, and plasticity during development, and possibly, on an ongoing basis throughout adult life as well (Reiss et al. 1995).Investigators have reported that individuals with FXS experience weaknesses in executi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Changes in Intellectual Development in Children with Fragile X Syndrome

Hall

Burns

Lightbody

et al. 2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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“…We can, however, offer additional analyses to identify plausible alterative models and compare such models to our hypothesized model in order to help draw useful conclusions from our data (Tomarken & Waller, 2003).…”

Section: Alternative Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health.

2015

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The current research provides a framework for understanding how concealable stigmatized identities impact people's psychological well-being and health. The authors hypothesize that increased anticipated stigma, greater centrality of the stigmatized identity to the self, increased salience of the identity, and possession of a stigma that is more strongly culturally devalued all predict heightened psychological distress. In Study 1, the hypotheses were supported with a sample of 300 participants who possessed 13 different concealable stigmatized identities. Analyses comparing people with an associative stigma to those with a personal stigma showed that people with an associative stigma report less distress and that this difference is fully mediated by decreased anticipated stigma, centrality, and salience. Study 2 sought to replicate the findings of Study 1 with a sample of 235 participants possessing concealable stigmatized identities and to extend the model to predicting health outcomes. Structural equation modeling showed that anticipated stigma and cultural stigma were directly related to self-reported health outcomes. Discussion centers on understanding the implications of intraindividual processes (anticipated stigma, identity centrality, and identity salience) and an external process (cultural devaluation of stigmatized identities) for mental and physical health among people living with a concealable stigmatized identity. Keywords stigma; psychological distress; courtesy stigma; mental illness; identity Recent reviews in psychology and sociology and from the Department of Health and Human Services have concluded that stigma has large and varied effects on people's life outcomes (e.g., Major & O'Brien, 2005; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999;Williams, Neighbors, & Jackson, 2003). The goal of the current research is to propose and test a novel model for understanding how stigma impacts psychological and health wellbeing among people who live with a concealable stigmatized identity. Concealable stigmatized identities are vastly understudied in comparison to visible stigmatized identities. Despite the acknowledgment that stigma can have a variety of negative effects, there is Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Diane M. Quinn, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, U-1020, Storrs, CT 06269-1020. diane.quinn@uconn.edu. HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscript J Pers Soc Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 July 22. Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript currently no conceptual framework to understand how possessing a concealable stigmatized identity impacts psychological and physical distress. We seek to fill that gap.Because stigma is socially constructed, we believe it is critical to examine both intraindividual and external stigma processes that can impact well-being. Whereas most psychological research has focused solely on the psychological processes internal to individuals that...

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“…A single SEM model often has many other equivalents, which do not necessarily lead to the same conclusions as the original hypothesized model (Tomarken & Waller, 2003). We hypothesized that client and system-related frustrations would each have an independent influence on social workers' attitudes.…”

Section: Limitations and Directions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Influences Social Workers’ Attitudes toward Working with Clients with Severe Mental Illness?

Eack

Newhill

2008

Families in Society

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A national random survey of 2000 NASW members in post-master's practice in mental health was conducted to investigate their experiences with and attitudes about working with individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). Through a series of structural equation models, we examined the influence of different frustrations reported by the respondents on their attitudes toward working with individuals with SPMI. Results suggest that social workers' attitudes toward working with individuals with SPMI are primarily influenced by their frustrations related to client behaviors and treatment issues, rather than frustrations with system related issues. Implications for social work practice and directions for future research are discussed. (105 words) Keywords severe mental illness; attitudes; frustrations; burnout; schizophrenia; direct practice Social workers provide the majority of direct mental health services in the United States for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (Newhill & Korr, 2004; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2001). As such, social workers represent a primary and important treatment provider for this population. However, research has confirmed what many social work practitioners have long known: working with individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) is challenging (Acker, 1999; Mason, Almos-Gallo, Bacon, McQuilken, Henley, & Fisher, 2004;Reid, Johnson, Morant, et al., 1999;Wykes, Stevens, & Everitt, 1997). There are also indications that social workers and other mental health professionals may hold less than positive attitudes toward this population, and that these attitudes have an important impact on outcomes for individuals with SPMI (Barrowclough et al., 2001;Heresco-Levy, Ermilov, Giltsinsky, Lichtenstein, & Blander, 1999;Newhill & Korr, 2004). However, to date, this research has yet to elucidate the factors that contribute to social workers' attitudes toward individuals with SPMI. Given that working with this population is challenging, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the frustrations experienced in clinical work with individuals with SPMI may be related to the development of negative attitudes. If true, this has implications for strategies that might help foster more positive attitudes and improve the retention of staff in community clinics that serve these clients.Over the past four decades, a body of research has evolved pointing to the importance of the attitudes of those caring for individuals with SPMI. The majority of this research has * Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Shaun M. Eack, School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. Phone: (412) 596-7657. sme12@pitt.edu. focused on family caregivers who, as a consequence of deinstitutionalization and the curtailment of institutional mental health care, often assume significant responsibility for family members with SPMI (Cuijpers & Stam, 2000). This research has been rema...

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Potential problems with "well fitting" models.

Cited by 340 publications

References 77 publications

Longitudinal Changes in Intellectual Development in Children with Fragile X Syndrome

Longitudinal Changes in Intellectual Development in Children with Fragile X Syndrome

Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health.

What Influences Social Workers’ Attitudes toward Working with Clients with Severe Mental Illness?

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