Potential of Secondary Metabolites of Diaporthe Species Associated with Terrestrial and Marine Origins

Abstract

Diaporthe species produce versatile secondary metabolites (SMs), including terpenoids, fatty acids, polyketides, steroids, and alkaloids. These structurally diverse SMs exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including cytotoxic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and phytotoxic activities, which could be exploited in the medical, agricultural, and other modern industries. This review comprehensively covers the production and biological potencies of isolated natural products from the genus Diaporthe associated with terrestrial and marine origins. A total of 275 SMs have been summarized from terrestrial (153; 55%) and marine (110; 41%) origins during the last twelve years, and 12 (4%) compounds are common to both environments. All secondary metabolites are categorized predominantly on the basis of their bioactivities (cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, and miscellaneous activity). Overall, 134 bioactive compounds were isolated from terrestrial (92; 55%) and marine (42; 34%) origins, but about half the compounds did not report any kind of activity. The antiSMASH results suggested that Diaporthe strains are capable of encoding a wide range of SMs and have tremendous biosynthetic potential for new SMs. This study will be useful for future research on drug discovery from terrestrial and marine natural products.

Fungal endophytes from Thalassia testudinum show bioactivity against the seagrass pathogen, Labyrinthula spp.

“…can also potentially deter the oomycete pathogen, Plasmopara viticola, in Endodesmia calphylloides (Talontsi et al, 2012;Hilaŕio and Goncalves, 2022). This genus also produces diverse secondary metabolites that seem to mostly differ between terrestrial and marine environments (reviewed in Wei et al, 2023). From marine environments, several compounds displayed medicinal potential with antibacterial (e.g., cytochalasin H, isochromopilones, penicilazaphilone D), antifungal (e.g., diaporthelactone), cytotoxic (e.g., phomoxanthone A, diaporisoindole A, phomopsin F, fusaristatin A), anti-inflammatory (e.g., diaporindenes, diaporisoindoles, diaporpenoids), antiviral (e.g., pestalotiopsones), anti-osteoclastogenic (e.g., phomopsichins), antiangiogenic (e.g., cordysinin A), and enzymatic activity (e.g., longidiacid A, longichalasin B; reviewed in Wei et al, 2023).…”

Unprecedented Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Polyketides from Cultures of Diaporthe africana sp. nov.

“…Compound 1 was found to be devoid of any activity against all the tested microorganisms. Except for compound 2, which showed no activity, the tenellone derivatives (3)(4)(5)(6) exhibited weak to moderate activity against certain microorganisms that were tested, namely B. subtilis, M. hiemalis, R. glutinis, S. pombe, and W. anomalus with MIC values in the range of 16.6-66.6 µg/mL (Table 6). Tenellone derivatives were previously found to exhibit interesting biological effects, and their main reported properties involved anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities [70,71,73,75,82].…”

“…In this assay, compound 1 did not show any cytotoxic effect under the tested conditions. Amidst the tenellone derivatives (2)(3)(4)(5)(6), compound 2 only demonstrated a slight inhibition of KB3.1 cell proliferation, whereas the other compounds (3)(4)(5)(6) inhibited the growth of KB3.1 and L929 cell lines with IC 50 values in the range of 20-59.2 µM (Table 7). Among these, compound 6 exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell line KB3.1 and the murine fibroblasts of line L929.…”

“…Given the emergence of multidrug resistance in many pathogens, drug-resistant cancer cells, and the emergence of life-threatening viral diseases, there is an urgent demand for the discovery of potential new pharmacological drugs [3]. Attributed to the widespread chemical and biological diversity of its secondary metabolites, the extensive exploitation of this fungal genus remains opportune for discovering new lead compounds that could possibly be developed as novel pharmaceutical drugs and/or biocontrol agents [4,5]. For instance, the compound emodin, when isolated from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe lithocarpi, has demonstrated remarkable cytotoxic activity against P-388 murine leukemia cells [6].…”