Potential of olive oil and its phenolic compounds as therapeutic intervention against colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of death across the world and incidence rate of CRC increasing alarmingly each passing year. Diet, genomic anomalies, inflammation and deregulated signaling pathways are among the major causes of CRC. Because of numerous side effects of CRC therapies available now, researchers all over the world looking for alternative treatment/preventive strategy with lesser/no side effects. Olive oil which is part of Mediterranean diet contains numerous phenolic compounds that fight against free radicals and inflammation and also well-known for protective role against CRC. The current review focused on the recent evidences where olive oil and its phenolic compounds such as Hydroxytyrosol, Oleuropein and Oleocanthal showed activities against CRC as well to analyze the cellular and molecular signaling mechanism through which these compounds act on. These compounds shown to combat CRC by reducing proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis through regulation of numerous signaling pathways including MAPK pathway, PI3K-Akt pathway, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway etc. and at the same time induce apoptosis in different CRC model. However, further research is an absolute necessity to establish these compounds as nutritional supplements and develop therapeutic strategy in CRC.

Hydroxytyrosol and Its Potential Uses on Intestinal and Gastrointestinal Disease

“…Mutations and genetic modifications affecting DNA repair systems underlying the molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer development have been identified [ 130 , 131 ]. In recent years, higher consumption of olive oil, rich in polyphenols such as hydroxytyrosol, has been associated with low incidence and prevalence of cancer, including colorectal cancer [ 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ]. The beneficial action of HT has been evaluated through in vitro studies on epithelial and carcinogenic cell lines: it has been demonstrated that HT was able to act on genes involved in apoptosis, such as Bax and Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and p53 [ 47 , 136 ].…”

Analysis of the Effective Components of Cocos nucifera L. Oil on Atopic Dermatitis Skin Disease and Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria

“…as the most common saturated and unsaturated fatty acids founds in coconut oils that give antibacterial activity, but in our study have no effect, this result doesn't agree with others result [28] . So, their preparations have more applications as a natural anti-aging on the skin as a natural therapy, and medicine [29,30] . This may be due to lower of fatty acid from the fruit that used for extraction.…”

Chemoprevention effect of the Mediterranean diet on colorectal cancer: Current studies and future prospects

“…Thus, applying cold extraction methods will produce extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), which is recognized with high phenolic content and low free fatty acids ( 38 , 39 ). Extra virgin olive oil is known for its protective effect on CRC, conquers intestinal inflammation, and improves gut microbiota ( 40 – 42 ).…”