Potential ofThlaspi caerulescensfor Cadmium Phytoremediation: Comparison of Two Representative Soil Types in Japan under Different Planting Frequencies

Abstract

To assess the potential of the Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (Ganges ecotype) for Cd phytoremediation in Japan, we compared the changes in the soil Cd concentration between a Fluvisol and an Andosol and the efficiency of Cd removal under different planting frequencies in a pot experiment. The soils were artificially contaminated with Cd(NO3)2 to the level of about 5 mg Cd kg−1. The cultivation system of Thlaspi caerulescens applied to both soil types continued for 4 months (4 × 1 treatment) and the other system only applied to the Fluvisol consisted of two plantings, at the beginning and after 2 months (2 × 2 treatment). Control without plants was also prepared. The cumulative amount of Cd absorbed by shoots for 4 months was 385 μg pot−1 for the 4 × 1 treatment of the Fluvisol, 582 μg pot−1 for the 2 × 2 treatment of the Fluvisol, and 112 μg pot−1 for the Andosol. In the Fluvisol, Thlaspi caerulescens plants in the 2 × 2 treatment could remove 1.5 times more Cd than in the 4 × 1 treatment. A much higher Cd concentration in the shoots of the second cropping in the 2 × 2 treatment mainly led to this difference in efficiency. The total Cd concentration of the unplanted Fluvisol and Andosol was 5.0 and 6.1 mg kg−1, and after 4 months, that of the Fluvisol in the 4 × 1 and 2 × 2 treatments and the Andosol reached 4.0, 2.9 and 5.1 mg kg−1, respectively. The difference between the rhizosphere and the non‐rhizosphere soils was not evident in the Fluvisol, while the concentration in the rhizosphere was lower than that in the non‐rhizosphere soil in the Andosol. In the Fluvisol, the amount of available (1 M NH4NO3‐extractable) Cd decreased only in the rhizosphere, while in the Andosol, it was halved in both rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soils. Furthermore, the ratio of the amount of available Cd to total Cd did not decrease in the Fluvisol, whereas it decreased in the Andosol, which indicated the presence of a smaller pool of potentially available Cd in the Andosol. Based on the shoot biomass and bioaccumulation factor obtained in the 4 × 1 treatment, it was estimated that only about 2 crops for the Fluvisol and 6 crops for the Andosol could decrease the Cd concentration to 50%. In conclusion, 1) short‐rotation is recommended because of the high Cd concentration in the shoots of the second cropping and the increase in the volume of the rhizosphere soil, 2) the amount of available Cd in soil should be monitored in addition to the concentration of total Cd to evaluate the effectiveness of phytoremediation, and 3) the potential of Thlaspi caerulescens was clearly demonstrated and the use of this hyperaccumulator could become a promising alternative for the remediation of Cd‐contaminated soils in Japan.

The long-term variation of Cd and Zn hyperaccumulation byNoccaea sppandArabidopsis halleriplants in both pot and field conditions

“…In our case, however, neither a positive nor negative correlation was observed between plant yield and element concentrations. Nishiyama et al (2005) reported increasing element uptake if a short rotation with at least two harvests of N. caerulescens was applied. Zhao et al (2003) calculated the phytoextraction potential of N. caerulescens according to the following equation: % of soil metal removed by one crop = (plant metal concentration × biomass)/(soil metal concentration × soil mass in the rooting zone) × 100, where the active rooting zone was the top 20 cm soil layer, which gives a total soil mass of 2600 t ha −1 .…”

“…However, apparent variation in uptake, root to shoot translocation, and tolerance of Zn, Cd and Ni in different populations of N. caerulescens plants were observed by Assunção et al (2003), McGrath (2003), El Kheir et al (2008), and Escarré et al (2013) in both soil and hydroponic culture. The soil physicochemical parameters such as soil pH, available nutrients, plant management as well as element concentrations in the soil solution will play a substantial role as well (Keller and Hammer 2004, Yanai et al 2006, Xie et al 2009, Nishiyama, Yanai and Kosaki 2005 4 Wang and Tang 2010). The nutrient content and mobility and their possible interaction with the hyperaccumulated elements should also be taken into account.…”

Response of β-Glucosidase and Proteases to Cadmium Addition in Andosols From a Forest and a Cultivated Field

“…Cd pollution of agricultural soils caused by various sources has been one of the serious environmental problems in Japan (Nishiyama et al, 2005). In this study, because of their agricultural importance and wide distribution in Japan, we used soil samples from Andosols (FAO, 2006).…”

Cadmium accumulation inCrassocephalum crepidioides(Benth.) S. Moore (Compositae) in heavy-metal polluted soils and Cd-added conditions in hydroponic and pot cultures

“…These values are not very different from those obtained in the pot experiment in the present study. Nishiyama et al . (2005) also examined Cd accumulation in an ecotype of T. caerulescens from the Southern France population.…”