Potential of Hard Candy Containing Spray-Dried Vernonia cinerea Extract with Total Phenolic Compounds, Total Flavonoids and Nicotine Replacement as an Anti-Smoking Aid

Kanthain, Rungtiwa; Singhatong, Supawatchara; Natakankitkul, Surapol; Dechsupa, Nathupakorn; Leelarungrayub, Jirakrit

doi:10.5530/pj.2020.12.7

Cited by 1 publication

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…A previous study on product preparation and safety investigation under the policy of the Ministry of Public Health (Thailand) for diet contaminant standards of heavy metals stated the safety criteria for study in humans. 27 Previous evidence showed different contents of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and nicotine in VC extracts from two preparative techniques; for example, mixing 20 g of raw dry VC materials in 3 cups of clean water before braising for a final 150 mL of condensed juice. 20 Catechins such as epicatechin gallate (ECG), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), catechin, and flavonoids were found dominantly in freeze-dried VC leaf extract.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 Therefore, VC is a natural medicinal Thai herb that can be applied for smoking cessation in various forms; for example, jelly candy, 48 lozenges, 49 pastilles, 40 and hard candy. 27 However, the best formula and purification processes of VC and the application protocol must be studied in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Industrial VC product preparation followed that in a previous study. 27 Before starting this study on active smokers, raw materials of VC were purchased from an organic farm in Phitsanulok province, Thailand. Concerning safety guarantees in raw materials, mercury and zinc were analyzed by the In-house method, TE-CH-260, in connection with AOAC (2016) 2013.06 and AOAC (2016) 999.10, in the same way that tin is analyzed by the In-house method TE-CH-340 based on AOAC (2016) 985.16 at the Central Laboratory (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (Chiang Mai, Thailand).…”

Section: Product Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VC-product was manufactured industrially in accordance with a previous study. 27 The higher concentration of nicotine in the extract was selected for making the pilot anti-smoking product, designed as hard candy. Standardized manufacturing of the hard candy was performed under Certificate TH 14/7924 (TAS 9023-2007) GMP Codex Alimentarius, the Recommended International Code of Practices, and General Principles of Food Hygiene, CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev.…”

Section: Product Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Updated data presented total flavonoids and nicotine that were slightly higher in SD extract, which was the same as the activity on inhibitory 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) compared to FD extract. 27 Finally, SD extract was newly developed industrially for VC-hard candy by mixing with glucose syrup and refined glucose and sealed in a blister pack. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined relaxed deep breathing with chest mobilization and VChard candy on smoking cessation among active teenage smokers in Chiang Mai province.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of Combined Relaxed Deep-Breathing with Chest Mobilization Exercise and Vernonia cinerea-Hard Candy on Smoking Cessation and Oxidative Stress in Active Teenage Smokers

Kanthain¹,

Leelarungrayub²,

Likhitsathian³

et al. 2023

Pharmacogn J.

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Background: Smoking cessation is very important worldwide. Chronic smoking can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory status and induce dangerous diseases such as hypertension and lung cancer. Standardized counseling is an important process in a routine program for smoking cessation. Withdrawal symptoms from smoking cessation are a significant barrier to a successful result, and they can be relieved by relaxed deep-breathing exercise. At present, the Thai herb, Vernonia cinerea (VC), has been claimed to reduce cigarette smoking because of its antioxidant compounds and nicotine that are modified and used as lozenges, gum, and hard candy. However, its efficacy in smoking cessation has not been confirmed. Furthermore, the efficacy of relaxed deep-breathing (rDB) during the chest mobilization exercise (CME) with VC hard candy on smoking cessation and oxidative stress is unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of rDB/CME and VC-hard candy on smoking cessation and oxidative stress status in active teenage smokers. Methods: Hard candy with honey and VC powder from whole mixed parts of the stem, flowers and leaves was developed industrially under the spray dry technique. Thirty active smokers were randomized into three groups; product group (rDB/CME+ product) (aged 25.0 ± 3.0 years, n = 10), placebo group (rDB/CME + placebo) (aged 26.9 ± 3.7 years, n = 10), and a control group with no product or placebo administered (aged 25.6 ± 2.7 years, n=10). All of the groups received consultation on specific smoking cessation and two weeks of strict observation, which was followed up for 8 weeks. The 7-day point prevalence abstinence rates (7-day PAR) and continuous abstinence rate (CAR) were reported at week 2, 4, 6 and 8. In addition, the oxidative stress status with lipid peroxide and glutathione (GSH) in blood was evaluated before the program and after 2 weeks. Results: The results of 7-day PARs in the control group showed no statistical changes at week 2 (0%), 4 (10%), 6 (20%) and 8 (20%), which was the same in the rDB/CME + placebo group (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively). Whereas, a significant difference was presented in the rDB/CME+ product group (20%, 60%, 80% and 90% respectively). When comparing between the groups, 7-day PARs at week 2 was not statistically different, but it was in the follow-up period at week 4, 6 and 8. There was no statistical difference at week 4 between the three groups, but there was between the rDB/CME+ product, control and rDB/CME+ placebo groups at week 6 and 8. The results of CAR showed no statistical difference between the control and rDB/CWE+ placebo group in any of the periods. Whereas the rDB/CWE+ product group showed a significant difference after week 4. The CAR was statistically different between the groups after week 6 and 8. At week 6, the CAR of the rDB/CWE+ product group was different to the control group. There was no difference between the control and rDB/CWE+ placebo groups, or between the rDB/CWE+ product and placebo groups. At week 8, the CAR ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%