Potential Lost Productivity Resulting from the Global Burden of Myopia

Naidoo, Kovin; Fricke, Tim; Frick, Kevin D.; Jong, Monica; Naduvilath, Thomas; Resnikoff, Serge; Sankaridurg, Padmaja

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.029

Cited by 284 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…High prevalence rates pose a major public health challenge due to visual impairment. The global potential productivity loss associated with the burden of visual impairment in 2015 was estimated at US$244 billion from uncorrected myopia, and US$6 billion from myopic macular degeneration [7]. Children with early onset myopia are the group at major risk, as they will have higher duration of the disease, higher myopia progression and will be at risk of developing high myopia plus myopic macular degeneration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

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Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

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“…The potential productivity loss associated with this burden of vision impairment in 2015 was estimated at US$244 billion. A further US$6 billion in losses would accrue from one of the long-term effects of high myopia-macular/retinal degeneration [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defocused Images Change Multineuronal Firing Patterns in the Mouse Retina

Banerjee

Wang

et al. 2020

Cells

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Myopia is a major public health problem, affecting one third of the population over 12 years old in the United States and more than 80% of people in Hong Kong. Myopia is attributable to elongation of the eyeball in response to defocused images that alter eye growth and refraction. It is known that the retina can sense the focus of an image, but the effects of defocused images on signaling of population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that account either for emmetropization or refractive errors has still to be elucidated. Thorough knowledge of the underlying mechanisms could provide insight to understanding myopia. In this study, we found that focused and defocused images can change both excitatory and inhibitory conductance of ON alpha, OFF alpha and ON-OFF retinal ganglion cells in the mouse retina. The firing patterns of population of RGCs vary under the different powers of defocused images and can be affected by dopamine receptor agonists/antagonists' application. OFF-delayed RGCs or displaced amacrine cells (dACs) with time latency of more than 0.3 s had synchrony firing with other RGCs and/or dACs. These spatial synchrony firing patterns between OFF-delayed cell and other RGCs/dACs were significantly changed by defocused image, which may relate to edge detection. The results suggested that defocused images induced changes in the multineuronal firing patterns and whole cell conductance in the mouse retina. The multineuronal firing patterns can be affected by dopamine receptors' agonists and antagonists. Synchronous firing of OFF-delayed cells is possibly related to edge detection, and understanding of this process may reveal a potential therapeutic target for myopia patients.

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“…The prevalence of myopia is most pronounced in the industrialized nations of East Asia, where rates of 95% among young adults have been recorded [1]. In this context, the impact of myopia is profound and far reaching, and recent study by Naidoo et al [2] suggests that myopia has a global economic impact, with the greatest burden throughout Asia. Its economic impact is very significant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economic and Societal Impact of Myopia and High Myopia

Chua

Foster

2019

Updates on Myopia

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The prevalence of myopia has increased rapidly throughout Asia. In urban areas, 80-90% of young adults are myopic and 10-20% have high myopia. By 2050, it is estimated that five billion people will be myopic. Of these, one billion people will be highly myopic. World Health Organization lists uncorrected or under-corrected myopia as a major cause of visual impairment. • Myopia may impair many aspects of life including educational and occupational activities. The annual direct cost of myopia correction for Asian adults has been estimated at US $328 billion/annum. The cost of care is also likely to increase significantly and will be exacerbated by an even greater increase in the prevalence of high myopia. • High myopes have greater risk of developing several vision-threatening conditions including myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataract. Those affected individuals incur costs for specialist eye care, or specialist optical aids for patients with visual impairment. These costs are in the region of US $250 billion/annum.

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Potential Lost Productivity Resulting from the Global Burden of Myopia

Cited by 284 publications

References 38 publications

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Defocused Images Change Multineuronal Firing Patterns in the Mouse Retina

The Economic and Societal Impact of Myopia and High Myopia

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