Potential involvement of the IL-33–ST2 axis in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome

Abstract

IL-33 is released in pSS, and acts with IL-12 and IL-23 to favour the secretion of IFNγ by NK and NKT cells.

The Interleukin 33/ST2 Axis in Patients with Primary Sjögren Syndrome: Expression in Serum and Salivary Glands, and the Clinical Association

“…Two different studies have reported that serum levels of IL-33 and sST2 are higher in patients with pSS compared to those in healthy controls 25,26 , which was consistent with our results. However, we had some different observations in our study.…”

Cigarette smoking and the risk of primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a nested case control study

“…IL-33 is a nuclear cytokine of the IL-1 family, which is constitutively expressed in epithelial barrier tissues and plays an important role in Th2 immunity [57]. Recently, increased IL-33 in the salivary glands and in serum have been linked to pSS [58]. Interestingly, in a murine model, it has also been shown that exposure of cigarette smoke upregulates IL-33 but simultaneously changes the immune response of IL-33 from Th2 to Th1 response [59].…”

Targeting IL-33 in Autoimmunity and Inflammation

“…The IL-33/ ST2 axis has been increasingly implicated in immunopathology and inflammation (Milovanovic et al, 2012). Blood levels of IL-33 are increased in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory (Milovanovic et al, 2012) diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (Kritas et al, 2013), systemic lupus erythematosus (Yu et al, 2013), Sjögren's syndrome (Awada et al, 2014), Grave's disease (Celik et al, 2013), and inflammatory bowel disease (Beltran et al, 2010). Genetic polymorphism studies have identified IL-33R1 as a susceptibility gene in inflammatory bowel disease (Jostins et al, 2012), Crohn's disease (Franke et al, 2010), and AD (Hirota et al, 2012).…”