Potential Importance of Immune System Response to Exercise on Aging Muscle and Bone

Cornish, Stephen M.; Chilibeck, Philip D.; Candow, Darren G.

doi:10.1007/s11914-020-00596-1

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Physical activity and exercise induce muscle plasticity and adaptive responses in the absence of injury. During activity, fibers release myokines (cytokines) that exert autocrine, paracrine and systemic effects on muscle fibers (anabolic and catabolic) and satellite cells (Bugera et al 2018 ; Cornish et al 2018 , 2020a , b ). Those actions are integrated into the network of signals released from inflammatory and other cells (Febbraio and Pedersen 2005 , 2020 ; Pedersen and Febbraio 2008 , 2012 ) including bone and adipose tissues (Kirk et al 2020 ).…”

Section: The Current Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are still major gaps in our knowledge of muscle regeneration related to the impact and type of physical activity, with all the local and systemic mediators released by exercise (Bugera et al 2018 ; Cornish et al 2018 , 2020a , b ). Physical activity likely influences the resolution of inflammation, where the timing is critical; myotube alignment during regeneration; and the role of the ECM and ECM-bound ligands in guiding cells during movement.…”

Section: Current Key Concepts Of Muscle Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle “cellular ecology” integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function

Anderson

2021

Eur J Appl Physiol

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This review identifies some key concepts of muscle regeneration, viewed from perspectives of classical and modern research. Early insights noted the pattern and sequence of regeneration across species was similar, regardless of the type of injury, and differed from epimorphic limb regeneration. While potential benefits of exercise for tissue repair was debated, regeneration was not presumed to deliver functional restoration, especially after ischemia–reperfusion injury; muscle could develop fibrosis and ectopic bone and fat. Standard protocols and tools were identified as necessary for tracking injury and outcomes. Current concepts vastly extend early insights. Myogenic regeneration occurs within the environment of muscle tissue. Intercellular cross-talk generates an interactive system of cellular networks that with the extracellular matrix and local, regional, and systemic influences, forms the larger gestalt of the satellite cell niche. Regenerative potential and adaptive plasticity are overlain by epigenetically regionalized responsiveness and contributions by myogenic, endothelial, and fibroadipogenic progenitors and inflammatory and metabolic processes. Muscle architecture is a living portrait of functional regulatory hierarchies, while cellular dynamics, physical activity, and muscle–tendon–bone biomechanics arbitrate regeneration. The scope of ongoing research—from molecules and exosomes to morphology and physiology—reveals compelling new concepts in muscle regeneration that will guide future discoveries for use in application to fitness, rehabilitation, and disease prevention and treatment.

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Section: The Current Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Current Key Concepts Of Muscle Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle “cellular ecology” integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function

Anderson

2021

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…Although leptin may be considered as a proinflammatory cytokine, the role of leptin has been largely explored in pathological conditions, such as metabolic syndrome and obesity, where there is an increase in proinflammatory interleukins related to leptin resistance [ 34 ]. Local monocytes and macrophages in muscle are inactive, but when damage happens, activated macrophages attract other cells that may express proinflammatory cytokines, whereas M2 macrophages are involved in the synthesis of anti-inflammatory interleukins that participate in muscle recovery [ 35 ]. Leptin also exerts beneficial effects against lipid accumulation in several organs such as muscle and liver, where there are resident macrophages [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Central Leptin Infusion Promotes an Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profile Related to the Activation of Insulin Signaling in the Gastrocnemius of Male Rats

et al. 2022

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Leptin is involved in the modulation of insulin signaling in peripheral tissues, being closely associated with changes in lipid metabolism. This adipokine modifies inflammatory pathways that can interact with insulin targets in peripheral organs; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Inflammatory and insulin signaling targets, cytokines, adiponectin, irisin and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and enzymes of fatty acid anabolism were studied in the gastrocnemius of chronic centrally infused leptin (L), pair-fed and control rats. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was reduced in L rats (59% and 58%, respectively). The phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and Akt and adiponectin and irisin content was increased in L rats (154%, 157%, 308% and 329%, respectively). The levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the mRNA content of acetyl Co-A carboxylase and NEFA concentrations were diminished in the muscles of L rats (59%, 50% and 61%, respectively). The activation of JNK correlated positively with STAT3 phosphorylation, tumoral necrosis factor-α and NEFA and negatively with irisin and Akt phosphorylation. These data suggest that the activation of insulin signaling targets and a decrease in NEFA content are associated with a reduction in muscle inflammation parameters, suggesting that leptin may integrate these pathways.

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“…The clinical manifestations of frailty syndrome are usually loss of muscle and bone tissue, which may partially be explained by an impaired immune system as studies by Cornish et al who revealed that there is substantial “cross-talk” between muscle and bone and the immune system [ 49 ].…”

Section: Role Of Gut Microbiota In the Pathogenesis Of Frailtymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research progress of gut microbiota and frailty syndrome

Wang

2021

Open Medicine

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Frailty is a clinical syndrome caused by homeostasis imbalance. It is characterized by marked vulnerability to endogenous or exogenous stressors, reduced self-care ability, and increased mortality risk. This aging-related syndrome is common in individuals older than 65 years and carries an increased risk for poor health outcomes. These include falls, incident disability, incapacity, and mortality. In addition, it can result in a poor prognosis for other comorbidities. With the aging population, frailty increases the burden of adverse health outcomes. Studies on frailty are at their infancy. In addition, there is a lack of thorough understanding of its pathogenesis. Several studies have suggested that frailty is caused by chronic inflammation due to enhanced intestinal permeability following gut microbiota imbalance as well as pathogen-related antibodies entering the circulation system. These result in musculoskeletal system disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. However, this assumption has not been validated in large cohort-based studies. Several studies have suggested that inflammation is not the only cause of frailty. Hence, further studies are necessary to extend our understanding of its pathogenesis. This review summarizes the research findings in the field and expands on the possible role of the gut microbiota in frailty syndrome.

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Potential Importance of Immune System Response to Exercise on Aging Muscle and Bone

Cited by 12 publications

References 63 publications

Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle “cellular ecology” integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function

Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle “cellular ecology” integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function

Chronic Central Leptin Infusion Promotes an Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profile Related to the Activation of Insulin Signaling in the Gastrocnemius of Male Rats

Research progress of gut microbiota and frailty syndrome

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