Potential impacts of global climate change on citrus cultivation

Abstract

Climate change has a dramatic effect on growth and productivity of various crops, there are various environmental elements affect the life cycle of annual and perennial plants, like high temperature, heatwaves, drought, cool temperature and frost, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Climate change represents a dangerous challenge for mankind, there need for an efficient strategy to guarantee adequate crop production for humanity. Citrus is one of the main fruits all over the world, citrus can be grown in different climatic zones ranging from tropical, subtropical, arid and semi-arid areas, citrus grows properly in the range from 12.8 to 37˚C, which considered the optimum temperature for citrus growth and fruiting, while, sever high temperature (above 44-45˚C) stopped citrus growth completely. Low temperature considered the limiting factor for the geographical distribution of citrus, low temperature could stoop metabolism activity, whereas, chilling and frost cause severe injuries and demolish the whole tree. Temperature fluctuation affects negatively growth, decreases total yield, and reduces fruit quality particularly when occurred during the maturity stage, also, there are negative effects of heatwaves on the production of different citrus varieties particularly seedless varieties like Navel orange, and some Mandarin and lemon cultivars. On another side, rising carbon dioxide has positive effects on the growth of citrus seedlings and trees productivity.

The Invasion History of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Puerto Rico: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives

“…This optimum might differ by species and varieties and thus should be considered carefully when planning citrus farming. However, areas with high temperatures and prolonged heat waves should be avoided because these harm citrus plant performance (Abobatta 2019). More studies are needed to ascertain whether plant resilience is maintained across the Puerto Rican archipelago as climate change progresses by projecting optimal citrus distribution based on climatic change models.…”

Flowering and Seed Development Characteristic of Citrus Derived from Somatic Hybridization of Mandarin Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Siam Madu (Citrus nobilis Lour.)

“…Variation in duration of the development within the line was lowest in FS 106 (196-208: 12 days) and highest in FS G118 (169-257: 88 days). Fruit loss was common in this stage, which was considered to be due to extreme environmental changes, as sometimes accompanied by fruit cracking (Abobatta, 2019;Ashari et al, 2015;Fitchett, 2013).…”

“…Dorji & Yapwattanaphun (2011) reported that high rainfall and low light intensity delay citrus fruit ripening and colour change. In addition, the low air temperature will prolong fruit ripening (Abobatta, 2019). The total duration of flower and fruit development from flower bud emergence until the fruit ready for harvest varied among the 15 lines, ranging from 212-316 days.…”

Drought and low temperature‐induced NF‐YA1 activates FT expression to promote citrus flowering

“…Low temperatures during winter induce citrus flowering in subtropical regions. However, flowering is induced during the dry season, starting after the first effective rain of the rainy season in tropical regions (Abobatta, 2019; Nishikawa, 2013). Therefore, low temperatures and drought are two major environmental factors for citrus floral induction in adult trees (Chica & Albrigo, 2013a, 2013b; J.‐X.…”