Potential Impact of MicroRNA Gene Polymorphisms in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small (18–23 nucleotides), non-coding RNA molecules. They regulate the posttranscriptional expression of their target genes. MiRNAs control vital physiological processes such as metabolism, development, differentiation, cell cycle and apoptosis. The control of the gene expression by miRNAs requires efficient binding between the miRNA and their target mRNAs. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have suggested the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with certain diseases in various populations. Gene polymorphisms of miRNA target sites have been implicated in diseases such as cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular and Parkinson’s disease. Likewise, gene polymorphisms of miRNAs have been reported to be associated with diseases. In this review, we discuss the SNPs in miRNA genes that have been associated with diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in different populations. We also discuss briefly the potential underlining mechanisms through which these SNPs increase the risk of developing these diseases.

Role of Selected miRNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases, Including Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Infarction and Atherosclerosis

“…These are released as paracrine factors by both living and dying cardiomyocytes and thus these may act as effective biomarkers in predicting heart attack. Several studies have investigated the association between miRNA gene variations and susceptibility to various diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease [ 7 , 8 ]. Several recent studies reported association of the genetic variants with different metabolic diseases in different genes, including the seed region of the miRNAs [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

“…Several studies have investigated the association between miRNA gene variations and susceptibility to various diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease [ 7 , 8 ]. Several recent studies reported association of the genetic variants with different metabolic diseases in different genes, including the seed region of the miRNAs [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Our earlier reports indicated the potential association of the miRNAs gene polymorphism with the risk of developing CAD, as well as its association with different cardiometabolic phenotypes to stratify the CAD burden in the general population [ 7 , 8 , 12 , 15 , 16 ].…”

“…Several recent studies reported association of the genetic variants with different metabolic diseases in different genes, including the seed region of the miRNAs [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Our earlier reports indicated the potential association of the miRNAs gene polymorphism with the risk of developing CAD, as well as its association with different cardiometabolic phenotypes to stratify the CAD burden in the general population [7,8,12,15,16]. The review aims to present an authentic update on the molecular mechanisms of miRNA's role in the pathogenesis of CAD and its associated complications.…”

Association analysis of miR‐499 rs3746444 gene polymorphism with periodontitis

“…A functional single nucleotide polymorphism of miR‐499 gene has been identified recently. The A/G polymorphism (rs3746444) is located in the stem region of the mature miR‐499 sequence as shown in Figure 1 (Elfaki et al, 2019; Hu et al, 2008; Toraih et al, 2017). According to the in silico characterization, the gene targets of A and G allele of miR‐499 differed significantly in their gene targets (Toraih et al, 2017).…”

“…(a) Structural prediction of the microRNA 499 (rs3746444). The site of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (73 T>C), probably a stem‐loop SNP in the predicted microRNA structure, is indicated with arrow (adapted and modified from Elfaki et al., 2019). (b) Genomic structure of human miR‐499A gene with the chromosomal location along the long arm of chromosome 20q11.22.…”