Potential impact of Helicobacter pylori-related metabolic syndrome on upper and lower gastrointestinal tract oncogenesis

Reply: Does Helicobacter pylori infection increase the risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma?

“…HPI is associated with increased insulin resistance, leading to metabolic syndrome, which, complicated by obesity, facilitates gastroesophgeal reflux and promotes oncogenic factors, increasing the risk of EAC. 2 We would like to emphasize, as clearly stated in our article, that there is no evidence for the benefit of HPI with regard to the risk of BE and EAC, and we do not recommend that H. pylori should not be eradicated. However, the results of our findings could be used for the risk stratification of individuals undergoing surveillance for BE.…”

“…2 We would like to emphasize, as clearly stated in our article, that there is no evidence for the benefit of HPI with regard to the risk of BE and EAC, and we do not recommend that H. pylori should not be eradicated. They propose that the following chain of events leads to increased risk of BE and EAC.…”

Impact of Helicobacter pylori and/or Helicobacter pylori‐related metabolic syndrome on gastroesophageal reflux disease‐ Barrett's esophagus‐ esophageal adenocarcinoma sequence

“…Moreover, the heterogeneity, when it was seen, was not evaluated in the meta-analyses. 2,3 We consider 2 that the Hp-I positive association with gastric and colorectal cancers but not with BE related EAC appears to be an inconsistency and all the above should be the focus of future investigation.…”

“…There is evidence supporting the sequence GERD-BE-dysplasia-EAC and Hp implication separately in each single step to EAC, at least in certain populations. 2,3 Chronic inflammation promotes the initiation, invasion, and metastasis of several malignancies, as exemplified by the GERD-BE-EAC sequence. 3 In this respect, two studies reported that Hp-I is common in patients with GERD, and Hp eradication results in adequate control of GERD symptoms and improves esophagitis.…”

Impact of nitric oxide's bidirectional role on glaucoma: focus on Helicobacter pylori–related nitrosative stress

“…Hp selectively infects and colonizes mostly the gastric epithelium, oral cavity, and intestinal epithelium. It is strongly involved in the development of several pathologies, particularly in the upper or lower gastrointestinal tracts, and a variety of systemic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and glaucoma . Behaving as microbiota, Hp and its virulent products induce lasting chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory processes and systemic inflammatory reactions by orchestrating and modifying the character of immune system responses.…”