Potential Immunoregulatory Mechanism of Plant Saponins: A Review

Abstract

Saponins are extracted from different parts of plants such as seeds, roots, stems, and leaves and have a variety of biological activities including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory effects, and hypoglycemic properties. They demonstrate inherent low immunogenicity and possess the capacity to effectively regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Plant saponins can promote the growth and development of the body’s immune organs through a variety of signaling pathways, regulate the activity of a variety of immune cells, and increase the secretion of immune-related cytokines and antigen-specific antibodies, thereby exerting the role of immune activity. However, the chemical structure of plant saponins determines its certain hemolytic and cytotoxicity. With the development of science and technology, these disadvantages can be avoided or reduced by certain technical means. In recent years, there has been a significant surge in interest surrounding the investigation of plant saponins as immunomodulators. Consequently, the objective of this review is to thoroughly examine the immunomodulatory properties of plant saponins and elucidate their potential mechanisms, with the intention of offering a valuable point of reference for subsequent research and advancement within this domain.

Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Management of Periodontal Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

“…Moreover, saponins stimulate the activation and proliferation of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. This stimulation involves binding to cell surface receptors like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activating downstream signaling pathways that lead to immune cell activation and cytokine production [71]. For instance, Quillaja saponins activate dendritic cells through TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, enhancing their antigen-presenting capability and promoting adaptive immune responses.…”

“…Saponins also increase the expression of phagocytic receptors and promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in phagocytes. This enhancement involves activating signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt and MAPK, leading to increased phagocytosis and microbial killing [71]. For example, ginsenosides enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages by upregulating the expression of scavenger receptors and promoting ROS production, leading to the efficient clearance of periodontal pathogens [72].…”