Potential health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies

Moore, Gary S.; Calabrese, Edward J.; DiNardi, Salvatore R.; Tuthill, Robert W.

doi:10.1016/0306-9877(78)90017-8

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It is also possible that the ascospores and conidia were compromised. ClO 2 is a strong oxidant (14) and previous work with bacterial spores has shown that it can affect the integrity of cell membranes and germination inhibition (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Sick Building Syndrome

Wilson

Andriychuk

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The growth of indoor molds and their resulting products (e.g., spores and mycotoxins) can present health hazards for human beings. The efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a fumigation treatment for inactivating sick building syndrome-related fungi and their mycotoxins was evaluated. Filter papers (15 per organism) featuring growth of Stachybotrys chartarum, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporioides were placed in gas chambers containing chlorine dioxide gas at either 500 or 1,000 ppm for 24 h. C. globosum was exposed to the gas both as colonies and as ascospores without asci and perithecia. After treatment, all organisms were tested for colony growth using an agar plating technique. Colonies of S. chartarum were also tested for toxicity using a yeast toxicity assay with a high specificity for trichothecene mycotoxins. Results showed that chlorine dioxide gas at both concentrations completely inactivated all organisms except for C. globosum colonies which were inactivated an average of 89%. More than 99% of ascospores of C. globosum were nonculturable. For all ascospore counts, mean test readings were lower than the controls (P < 0.001), indicating that some ascospores may also have been destroyed. Colonies of S. chartarum were still toxic after treatment. These data show that chlorine dioxide gas can be effective to a degree as a fumigant for the inactivation of certain fungal colonies, that the perithecia of C. globosum can play a slightly protective role for the ascospores and that S. chartarum, while affected by the fumigation treatment, still remains toxic.Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a broad term for a range of human health symptoms associated with poor indoor air quality. While poor indoor air quality can be related to a number of issues, the one that has received the most attention in the last 5 to 10 years has been the effects of airborne fungi and their products (2, 6, 12). It has been acknowledged that damp and moldy structures are potentially harmful to the occupants (16). Therefore, from a human health standpoint, it is recommended that the conditions that allowed for fungal proliferation inside human occupied structures be addressed and corrected and that existing fungal growth be removed or treated from any affected substrates. However, a problem is the detection of hidden mold growth sites. Invasive investigations can assist in this regard, but these investigations can be costly to effect and there is also the possibility that some growth sites can be overlooked. It is possible that gaseous fungicides may be able to circumvent this problem because the gas can penetrate into crevices, wall cavities and other hard to access areas, thus treating the inaccessible mold colonies. The contents inside a contaminated structure may also be able to be sterilized (10) using this technique as well. A biocide, chlorine dioxide, has been previously been used in a gaseous form for bacterial decontamination (1, 9). It has been also shown to have a degree of fungicidal activi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Sick Building Syndrome

Wilson

Andriychuk

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…La inhalación de desinfectantes puede tener efectos adversos como irritación de los bronquios, ataques de asma y neumonitis química, e irritación de piel, ojos y mucosas. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] La ausencia de protocolos para el uso de túneles sanitizantes y definición del tiempo de permanencia o tránsito mínimo en estos se suma a las limitaciones previas para garantizar la eficacia de los dispositivos.…”

Section: Estado Vegetativo Persistente Por Ozonoterapia Contra Covid-19unclassified

Eficacia y seguridad de túneles y sustancias sanitizantes para prevención del SARS-CoV-2 y otros virus respiratorios

et al. 2021

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“…The potential side effects of treatment with chlorine dioxide used for water disinfection, as reported in the literature at even high therapeutic doses are rare, and mostly involve the formation of methemoglobin [42,45], with a low incidence of dizziness, fatigue and palpitations, while myalgia, sleep disorders are practically absent, and joint pain, headaches and rashes can be related to a dysbalance of gut bacteria [46]. The latter can be expected especially when part of the sodium chlorite is being swallowed and where the newly formed oxygen radical results in the elimination of beneficial gut bacteria which effects the response of the immune system being located by up to 80% within the gut [47].…”

Section: R E T R a C T E Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATC Malachlorite® for treatment of patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum infection: A pilot study incorporating 500 patients in the rural area of Cameroon

Enno¹,

Strobel²,

Weber³

2018

GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci.

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Malaria is one of the most widespread infectious diseases with over 2 million deaths per year in Central Africa. Since new drug combinations are characterized by the development of tolerance as well as serious side effect there is an increasing demand for a new medication. We therefore set out to study the efficacy of a sublingual tablet with a new mode of action consisting of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) plus citric acid and an artimisin extract. By adding sodium bicarbonate, an effervescent composition is attained, which when being exposed to saline, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) the active ingredient is being released. Being a potent oxygen radical, it attaches to the layer of a trophozoite resulting in the disintegration and its demise. This reaction is terminated within one hour and ClO2 dissolves into the two end products, sodium chloride (table salt) and water. Following informed consent 500 patients (240 male, 260 female mean age 27 +/-19 SD) within the rural area of Cameroon and demonstrating acute symptoms of malaria infection, were given 5 sublingual tablets of ACT Malachlorite® 3 times per day at an 8 hour interval. The medication was able to reverse acute symptoms of malaria within the first 2 days. Using thick blood films, trophozoite count under the microscope demonstrated a highly significant reduction (p < 0.001) of count of Plasmodium falciparum. From a mean of 6430 (+/-816 SD) trophozoites per mm3, prarasitemia dropped to a mean of 4932 (+/-842 SD) on day two and further declined to 1454 (+/-401 SD; p < 0.001) on day four. No trophozoites could be detected in the blood on day six. Side effects were reported from the intestinal tract consisting of bloating and cramping while the majority of patients complained of the pungent chlorine taste as being unpleasant. The new ATC Malachlorite® tablet presents a promising new approach in malaria treatment with a different mode of action than all present antimalarial agents.

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Potential health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies

Cited by 24 publications

References 48 publications

Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Sick Building Syndrome

Effect of Chlorine Dioxide Gas on Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Sick Building Syndrome

Eficacia y seguridad de túneles y sustancias sanitizantes para prevención del SARS-CoV-2 y otros virus respiratorios

ATC Malachlorite® for treatment of patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum infection: A pilot study incorporating 500 patients in the rural area of Cameroon

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