Potential for widespread electrification of personal vehicle travel in the United States

Needell, Zachary; McNerney, James; Chang, Michael T.; Trancik, Jessika E.

doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.112

Cited by 236 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The myriad of applications, technologies and locationspecific contexts that are absent from this cursory analysis can now be more readily explored in future studies. A recent study suggested EVs are suitable to replace the majority of vehicles in the US based on daily driving requirements 35 . To assess the economic competitiveness, we use ER analysis to project cost of ownership (in dollars per mile travelled) for the energy inputs and storage components of EVs (Nissan Leaf specifications) and conventional cars (see Methods and Supplementary Table 7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates

et al. 2017

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Electrical energy storage could play a pivotal role in future low-carbon electricity systems, balancing inflexible or intermittent supply with demand. Cost projections are important for understanding this role, but data are scarce and uncertain. Here, we construct experience curves to project future prices for 11 electrical energy storage technologies. We find that, regardless of technology, capital costs are on a trajectory towards US$340±60/kWh for installed stationary systems and US$175±25/kWh for battery packs once 1 TWh of capacity is installed for each technology. Bottom-up assessment of material and production costs indicates this price range is not infeasible. Cumulative investments of $175-510bn would be needed for any technology to reach 1 TWh deployment, which could be achieved by 2027-2040 based on market growth projections. We then explore how the derived rates of future cost reduction influence when storage becomes economically competitive in transport and residential applications. Thus, our experience curve dataset removes a barrier for further study by industry, policymakers and academics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates

et al. 2017

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“…One of the main causes that is currently limiting EV adoption is what is called range anxiety,which, among other factors, is determined by the infrastructure of the charging stations [24]. In order to deal with this problem, it is necessary to evaluate the set of possible configurations in order to offer a distribution of charging stations that satisfies the users and enhances the use of the EV.…”

Section: Proposal and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Agent System for the Dynamic Emplacement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

et al. 2018

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Abstract:One of the main current challenges of electric vehicles (EVs) is the creation of a reliable, accessible and comfortable charging infrastructure for citizens in order to enhance demand. In this paper, a multi-agent system (MAS) is proposed to facilitate the analysis of different placement configurations for EV charging stations. The proposed MAS integrates information from heterogeneous data sources as a starting point to characterize the areas where charging stations could potentially be placed. Through a genetic algorithm, the MAS is able to analyze a large number of possible configurations, taking into account a set of criteria to be optimized. Finally, the MAS returns a configuration with the areas of the city that are considered most appropriate for the establishment of charging stations according to the specified criteria.

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“…Travel surveys are an essential source for estimating real-world needs for the daily range for passenger car users. Examples of such studies can be found in Pearre et al [22] and Needell et al for North-American statistics [23]; and Pasaoglu et al [24] and Corchero et al [25] for European variants. These different sources confirm that most of the daily range needs are in the 0 to 80 km range, while ranges exceeding 150 km/day are found to occur only on a limited number of days per year, i.e., for only 5 percent of the daily trips [26,27].…”

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confidence: 99%

In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

et al. 2018

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Abstract:Purpose: In the light of decarbonizing the passenger car sector, several technologies are available today. In this paper, we distinguish plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), electric vehicles (EV) with a modest battery capacity of 40 kWh, and long-range EVs with 90 kWh installed. Given that the average motorist only rarely performs long-distance trips, both the PHEV and the 90 kWh EV are considered to be over-dimensioned for their purpose, although consumers tend to perceive the 40 kWh EV's range as too limiting. Therefore, in-life range modularity by means of occasionally using a range-extender trailer for a 40 kWh EV is proposed, based on either a petrol generator as a short-term solution or a 50 kWh battery pack. Method: A life cycle assessment (LCA) is presented for comparing the different powertrains for their environmental impact, with the emphasis on local air quality and climate change. Therefore, the combination of a 40 kWh EV and the trailer options is benchmarked with a range of conventional cars and EVs, differentiated per battery capacity. Next, the local impact per technology is discussed on a well-to-wheel base for the specific situation in Belgium, with specific attention given to the contribution of non-exhaust emissions of PM due to brake, tyre, and road wear. Results: From a life cycle point of view, the trailer concepts outperform the 90 kWh EV for the discussed midpoint indicators as the latter is characterized by a high manufacturing impact and by a mass penalty resulting in higher contributions to non-exhaust PM formation. Compared to a petrol PHEV, both trailers are found to have higher contributions to diminished local air quality, given the relatively low use phase impact of petrol combustion. Concerning human toxicity, the impact is proportional to battery size, although the battery trailer performs better than the 90 kWh EV due to its occasional application rather than carrying along such high capacity all the time. For climate change, we see a clear advantage of both the petrol and the battery trailer, with reductions ranging from one-third to nearly sixty percent, respectively. Conclusion: Whereas electrified powertrains have the potential to add to better urban air quality, their life cycle impact cannot be neglected as battery manufacturing remains a substantial contributor to the EV's overall impact. Therefore, in-life range modularity helps to reduce this burden by offering an extended range only when it is needed. This is relevant to bridge the years up until cleaner battery chemistries break through, while the energy production sector increases the implementation of renewables. Petrol generator trailers are no long-term solution but should be seen as an intermediate means until battery technology costs have further dropped to make it economically feasible to commercialize battery trailer range-extenders. Next, active regulation is required for non-exhaust PM emissions as they could dominate locally in the future if more renewables would be applied in the electrici...

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Potential for widespread electrification of personal vehicle travel in the United States

Cited by 236 publications

References 37 publications

The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates

The future cost of electrical energy storage based on experience rates

A Multi-Agent System for the Dynamic Emplacement of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

In-Life Range Modularity for Electric Vehicles: The Environmental Impact of a Range-Extender Trailer System

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