Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater: An analysis over 62 cities in southern Brazil

Ghisi, Enedir; Montibeller, Andreza; Schmidt, R.

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.014

Cited by 119 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Few studies have evaluated rainwater potential at an urban or regional scale [5,[24][25][26][27]. Ghisi et al [25] investigated five areas (including 62 cities) with different geographical conditions in southern Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Framework for Assessing the Rainwater Harvesting Potential of Residential Buildings at a National Level as an Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Water Supply in Taiwan

Liaw

Chiang

2014

Water

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Domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) is widely recognized as an alternative source of water in Taiwan because of water shortages. This suggests that rainwater potential should be maximized and quantified. In this article, we assess the potential of DRWH at a national level. To consider the climatic, building characteristic, economic, and ecological aspects of DRWH, we propose three categories: (1) theoretical; (2) available; and (3) environmental bearable rainwater potential. Four main steps were followed to develop the proposed framework: (1) Fifteen rainfall zones across Taiwan were generated through cluster analysis based on the average annual 10-day rainfall distributions of rainfall stations and administrative districts; (2) The roof area in each rainfall zone was estimated using a geographic information system (GIS) and land use classification database; (3) The weighted percentage of rainwater use in each rainfall zone was determined by the optimal point on the storage capacity and rainwater supply reliability curve for an equivalent building from each building type; (4) The percentage of the total roof area used to harvest rainwater in each region depends on the downstream impact of the stream flow. The procedures developed in this study constitute an effective tool for preliminarily estimation of the national DRWH potential. OPEN ACCESSWater 2014, 6 3225

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ghisi et al [25] investigated five areas (including 62 cities) with different geographical conditions in southern Brazil. Rainwater potential was evaluated by considering the types of building, population, and water replacement rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framework for Assessing the Rainwater Harvesting Potential of Residential Buildings at a National Level as an Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Water Supply in Taiwan

Liaw

Chiang

2014

Water

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“…For this paper, the roof area values for each type of household proposed by Ghisi et al (2006) were considered, and, after analyzing the situation in 12 Brazilian states, an average roof area of 85 m² for houses (area house ) and 15 m² for apartments (area apts ) was estimated. Thus, from the available data at IBGE demographic census (IBGE, 2010), which indicates the number of existing households from each type, it was possible to estimate the usable roof area in the city of São Paulo from the following equations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, from the available data at IBGE demographic census (IBGE, 2010), which indicates the number of existing households from each type, it was possible to estimate the usable roof area in the city of São Paulo from the following equations. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regularization of hydroelectric reservoir levels through hydro and solar energy complementarity

Mouriño

Assireu

Pimenta

2016

RBRH

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Hydrological changes during prolonged droughts, as verified in the last two decades in Brazil, may reduce the level of hydroelectric reservoirs to the point that energy rationings become necessary. Such fluctuations, have been mainly complemented by thermo power, which is much more expensive and polluting. This work addresses the possibility of complementing the hydro system with solar energy. Daily-accumulated solar radiation from São Paulo, covering the period from 1961 to 2012, is used to evaluate the seasonal and interannual variability of solar power generation. The computed solar energy is applied in a hybrid solar-hydro model, where the turbine outflow is reduced accordingly to the solar power production, so that storage is improved in the long-term. The study region is Itumbiara reservoir in Brazil's Paraná hydrographic basin. Results suggest that this hybrid system should improve the reservoir ability to confront interannual climate variability.

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“…The concept of RWHS is simple, but measuring rain barrel performance is a challenge. Thus, many RWHS models have been built to investigate system performance [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability Index Evaluation of the Rainwater Harvesting System in Six US Urban Cities

Park

2018

Sustainability

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This study investigated the sustainability of the rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) by analyzing six urban city sites with different rainfall statistics in the United States. We developed a new RWHS performance model by modifying a spreadsheet-based storage, treatment, and overflow runoff model (SS STORM) and verified its performance by comparing with another analytical RWHS model. The sustainability index (SI) evaluation method was used for a reservoir system and applied to the RWHS, employing modified resilience and vulnerability evaluation methods due to the different characteristics of a reservoir and the RWHS. The performance of modified SS STORM is very similar to that of the analytical method, except in Los Angeles, which is characterized by long inter-event times and low rainfall event depths due to low annual rainfall. The sustainability indices were successfully evaluated depending on both RWHS size and water demand and vary over a wide range as annual rainfall increases. This study proposes a new RWHS performance model and sustainability index evaluation method. Further study should confirm the proposed approach in regions with widely different rainfall characteristics.

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Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater: An analysis over 62 cities in southern Brazil

Cited by 119 publications

References 6 publications

Framework for Assessing the Rainwater Harvesting Potential of Residential Buildings at a National Level as an Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Water Supply in Taiwan

Framework for Assessing the Rainwater Harvesting Potential of Residential Buildings at a National Level as an Alternative Water Resource for Domestic Water Supply in Taiwan

Regularization of hydroelectric reservoir levels through hydro and solar energy complementarity

Sustainability Index Evaluation of the Rainwater Harvesting System in Six US Urban Cities

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