Potential for Pharmacy–Public Health Collaborations Using Pharmacy-Based Point-of-Care Testing Services for Infectious Diseases

Gubbins, Paul O.; Klepser, Michael E.; Adams, Alex J.; Jacobs, David M.; Percival, Kelly M; Tallman, Gregory B

doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000482

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In the future, providing ongoing COVID-19 surveillance to communities by allowing walk-in testing at community pharmacies might be more sustainable and convenient than the large-scale public screening being done as of the summer of 2020. By the fall of 2020, many pharmacies will be offering 1 or more of the following COVID-19 diagnostic services: selling home testing kits, collecting specimens to send to partner laboratories for testing and reporting, collecting specimens for on-site symptomatic testing and reporting, and collecting specimens for point-of-care antibody surveillance ( 31 , 35 , 36 ). The US Department of Health and Human Services has authorized all pharmacists to provide these COVID-19 testing services, overriding state law where it exists ( 37 ).…”

Section: Community Pharmacists’ Response During Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Pharmacists’ Contributions to Disease Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2020

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What is already known on this topic? More than 90% of people in the United States live within 5 miles of a community pharmacy. Pharmacists deliver important public health services such as vaccinations, point-of-care testing, and chronic and acute disease prevention and management. These services are and will continue to be critical in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. What is added by this report? The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated needed roles for the community pharmacist in an emergency, including continuity of provision of medications, providing preventive services, and ensuring health equity. Along with medication management, pharmacists provide infectious disease mitigation, point-of-care testing, and vaccinations. What are the implications for public health practice? Community pharmacists are essential contributors to public health and play a key role as the United States continues to combat COVID-19, especially among populations with health disparities.

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Section: Community Pharmacists’ Response During Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Pharmacists’ Contributions to Disease Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2020

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“…Community-based pharmacist practitioners are well positioned to serve as gatekeepers for antibiotic prescribing due to their considerable training and knowledge of infectious disease pathophysiology, antibiotic indication, dosing, and appropriate length of treatment [72]. In addition to being competent antimicrobial stewards, community-based pharmacist practitioners’ role in curbing antimicrobial resistance is expanding to increase patient access to care through physician-led collaborative practice agreements and CLIA waived POCT [73]. In community pharmacy-based CLIA-waived testing facilities, community-based pharmacist practitioners can screen for and treat acute infectious diseases, such as influenza A/B, Group A streptococcus (GAS) and Helicobacter pylori , decreasing time to therapy for patients [74].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Innovation and the Role of the Community-Based Pharmacist Practitioner in the United States

et al. 2019

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Community-based pharmacy practice is evolving from a focus on product preparation and dispensing to becoming a health care destination within the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy. Furthermore, community-based pharmacy practice is expanding beyond the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy to provide care to patients where they need it. Pharmacists involved in this transition are community-based pharmacist practitioners who are primarily involved in leading and advancing team-based patient care services in communities to improve the patient health. This paper will review community-based pharmacy practice innovations and the role of the community-based pharmacist practitioner in the United States.

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“…These services, specifically those waived under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988, can increase the role pharmacists have in the outpatient setting and improve collaborative services with other providers and public health services. 33 Previous studies have shown the benefits of these services, including one evaluating group A Streptococcus pharyngitis testing in community pharmacies in the Midwest. In total, the study screened 316 patients, with 273 being eligible for testing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Trends in Oral Antibiotic Prescribing in United States Physician Offices from 2009 to 2016

et al. 2020

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BACKGROUND Prior studies have found that outpatient antibiotics are commonly prescribed for nonbacterial conditions. It is unclear if national prescribing has changed in recent years given recent public health and antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. This study aimed to describe antibiotic prescribing in United States (U.S.) physician offices. MATERIALS/METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of all sampled patient visits in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2009 to 2016. Antibiotic use was defined as at least one oral antibiotic prescription during the visit as identified by Multum code(s). Patient visits were categorized by U.S. geographic region and season. ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 codes were used to assess diagnoses and categorize antibiotic use as appropriate, possibly appropriate, or inappropriate. RESULTS Seven billion visits were included for analysis, with 793,415,182 (11.3%) including an antibiotic. Prescribing rates were relatively stable over the study period (102.9-124.9 prescriptions per 1000 visits); however, 2016 had one of the lowest prescribing rates (107.7 per 1000 visits). The most commonly prescribed antibiotic class was macrolides (25 per 1000 visits). The South region and winter season had the highest antibiotic prescribing (118.2 and 129.7 per 1000 visits, respectively). Of patients who received an antibiotic, 55.9%, 35.7%, and 8.4% were classified as inappropriate, possibly appropriate, and appropriate, respectively. The most common conditions in which antibiotics were prescribed inappropriately included those with no indication in any of the predefined diagnosis codes (40.1%), other skin conditions (17.3%), and viral upper respiratory conditions (13.3%). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant reduction in outpatient antibiotic prescribing rates among U.S. outpatients from 2009 to 2016 and prescribing varied by region and season. These data suggest that more than half of antibiotics were prescribed inappropriately, with the majority of antibiotics prescribed with no indication. However, these findings need to be confirmed with robust prospective studies.

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Potential for Pharmacy–Public Health Collaborations Using Pharmacy-Based Point-of-Care Testing Services for Infectious Diseases

Abstract: CLIA-waived POCT services for infectious diseases are a means for pharmacists, public health professionals, and prescribers to collaboratively combat antibiotic resistance and improve community health.

Cited by 30 publications

References 27 publications

Community Pharmacists’ Contributions to Disease Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Community Pharmacists’ Contributions to Disease Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Innovation and the Role of the Community-Based Pharmacist Practitioner in the United States

National Trends in Oral Antibiotic Prescribing in United States Physician Offices from 2009 to 2016

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