Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk

Aerosol Transmission of Infectious Disease

“…49 Toilet flushing is known to emit aerosols. 50 59,60 these data have been used to develop a dose-response model for use in human health risk assessment. 61 The obligate cellular receptor for SARS CoV in humans is thought to be Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, which is present in pneumocytes, lung epithelium progenitor cells, and other cells that overlap with SARS CoV replication sites in the lung.…”

Microbial monitoring of the hospital environment: why and how?

“…77,78 Increased use of toilet facilities also occurs during early morning, which may facilitate the spread of C. difficile or ESBL-producing E. coli. 79 Best et al (2010) demonstrated that increased traffic to a ward during visiting times and lunchtimes resulted in increased detection of C. difficile in environmental samples. 69 …”

Aerosolization of Ebola Virus Surrogates in Wastewater Systems

“…22 Bacterial and fungi, including pathogenic ones, have been detected in the surrounding air, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] demonstrating that wastewater treatment processes have the potential to generate bioaerosols. However, few studies have focused on aerosolization of viruses in wastewater systems.…”

“…Another study reported that 77% of Phi6 virions were found in the liquid fraction of wastewater. 25 It can be concluded from the available results that EBOV can survive in wastewater for at least a couple of days. As the possibility of EBOV transmission via wastewater cannot be completely ruled out, the results of these studies emphasize the importance of a conservative approach to handling EBOV-contaminated wastewater.…”