Potential exposure to flubendiamide and risk assessment in Kimchi cabbage field, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea: the protective role of PPE (personal protective equipment)

Lee, Jiho; Park, Eun‐Young; Jung, Minwoo; Kim, Seohyun; Shin, Yongho; Kim, JiWoo; Kim, Jeong‐Han

doi:10.1080/10807039.2022.2112504

Cited by 3 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…10,27,46 Similar distribution patterns have been reported in previous studies for various pesticides, ranging from 19.0-90.4% exposure on the hands. 10,17,27,41,42 Additionally, exposure distribution to the upper body (excluding the hands) accounted for 33.3% of the total exposure (refer to Table 1). This can be attributed to wind dispersal of the WP powder during mixing/loading, as previously documented.…”

Section: Exposure Characteristics Of Chlorothalonil During Mixing/loa...supporting

confidence: 80%

“…The method validation is conducted according to previous research. 10,17 The MLOQ was calculated using the instrument limit of quantitation and injection volume, solvent volume of extract, and the standard solution. 10 To verify the instrument's repeatability, various concentrations of standards (MLOQ and 10 MLOQ) were analyzed seven times by LC-MS/MS for uendiamide and GC-MS/MS for chlorothalonil.…”

Section: Methods Validation For Quantitative Analysis Of the Pesticidementioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers during chlorothalonil and flubendiamide treatments in pepper fields

Lee,

Song,

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Pesticides are indispensable tools in modern agriculture for enhancing crop productivity. However, the inherent toxicity of pesticides raises significant concerns regarding human exposure, particularly among agricultural workers. This study investigated the exposure and associated risks of two commonly used pesticides in open-field pepper cultivation, i.e., chlorothalonil and flubendiamide, in the Republic of Korea. We used a comprehensive approach, encompassing dermal and inhalation exposure measurements in agricultural workers during two critical scenarios: mixing/loading and application. Results revealed that during mixing/loading, dermal exposure to chlorothalonil was 3.33 mg (0.0002% of the total active ingredient [a.i.]), while flubendiamide exposure amounted to 0.141 mg (0.0001% of the a.i.). Conversely, dermal exposure increased significantly during application to 648.96 mg (chlorothalonil) and 930.97 mg (flubendiamide), representing 0.037% and 0.066% of the total a.i., respectively. Inhalation exposure was also evident, with chlorothalonil and flubendiamide exposure levels varying across scenarios. Notably, the risk assessment using the Risk Index (RI) indicated safe exposure levels during mixing/loading but raised concerns during application, where all RIs exceeded 1, signifying potential risk. We suggest implementing additional personal protective equipment (PPE) during pesticide application, such as gowns and lower-body PPE, to mitigate these risks.

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Section: Exposure Characteristics Of Chlorothalonil During Mixing/loa...supporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Methods Validation For Quantitative Analysis Of the Pesticidementioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers during chlorothalonil and flubendiamide treatments in pepper fields

Lee,

Song,

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Agricultural workers may be at risk of dermal and inhalation exposure from the use of pesticide products, which can lead to potential health complications 7 – 9 . The workers are exposed to pesticides across various scenarios, including mixing/loading, applying pesticides during agricultural activities, re-entering fields after spraying, and harvesting crops 2 , 10 – 12 . The predominant routes of exposure are dermal and inhalation 7 , 11 , 13 , 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The assessment of dermal exposure in agricultural workers can be conducted through various methods, including patch application and whole-body dosimetry (WBD) 10 , 16 – 18 . These approaches entail the collection of samples using different types of clothing or materials to extract pesticides before they contact the skin and are absorbed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers during chlorothalonil and flubendiamide treatments in pepper fields

Lee,

Song,

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Pesticides are indispensable tools in modern agriculture for enhancing crop productivity. However, the inherent toxicity of pesticides raises significant concerns regarding human exposure, particularly among agricultural workers. This study investigated the exposure and associated risks of two commonly used pesticides in open-field pepper cultivation, namely, chlorothalonil and flubendiamide, in the Republic of Korea. We used a comprehensive approach, encompassing dermal and inhalation exposure measurements in agricultural workers during two critical scenarios: mixing/loading and application. Results revealed that during mixing/loading, dermal exposure to chlorothalonil was 3.33 mg (0.0002% of the total active ingredient [a.i.]), while flubendiamide exposure amounted to 0.173 mg (0.0001% of the a.i.). Conversely, dermal exposure increased significantly during application to 648 mg (chlorothalonil) and 93.1 mg (flubendiamide), representing 0.037% and 0.065% of the total a.i., respectively. Inhalation exposure was also evident, with chlorothalonil and flubendiamide exposure levels varying across scenarios. Notably, the risk assessment using the Risk Index (RI) indicated acceptable risk of exposure during mixing/loading but raised concerns during application, where all RIs exceeded 1, signifying potential risk. We suggest implementing additional personal protective equipment (PPE) during pesticide application, such as gowns and lower-body PPE, to mitigate these risks.

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“…Previous studies showed that the concentration of FLU in paddy water reaches 353.0 μg/L on spraying days and can amount to 2.0 and 8.4 mg/kg in chili and Chinese cabbage, respectively. In Kimchi cabbage fields, agricultural workers have been found to receive 47.7 mg and 22.9 μg of FLU dermally and by inhalation, respectively, when applying the insecticide with hand-held sprayers. Furthermore, in 3467 breast milk samples from lactating women in China, FLU was detected at 0–4.8 ng/L .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development in Male Mice upon Exposure to Flubendiamide

Zhang,

Wu,

Guo

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Flubendiamide (FLU), a widely used diamide insecticide, has been observed to potentiate adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in vitro. Whether exposure to FLU disrupts hepatic lipid homeostasis in mammals and induces visceral obesity, however, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of FLU when administered orally to male C57BL/6J mice under normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. FLU accumulated at higher levels in the tissues of the HFD group than those of the ND group, indicating that an HFD contributed to the accumulation of lipophilic pesticides in vivo. Notably, FLU (logP = 4.14) is highly lipophilic and easily accumulates in fat. Exposure to FLU had opposing effects on the lipid metabolism of the liver in the ND and HFD groups. Liver triacylglycerol levels in the ND group were reduced, while those in the HFD group were increased, resulting in more severe hepatic steatosis. More lipid accumulation was also observed in HepG2 cells exposed to FLU. Changes in hepatic lipid deposition in vivo occurred as the enhanced transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in lipid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, and fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Moreover, an excessive increase in FAO caused oxidative stress, which in turn exacerbated the inflammation of the liver. This study revealed the disruptive effect of FLU exposure on hepatic lipid homeostasis, which may facilitate the triggering of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HFD-fed mice.

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Potential exposure to flubendiamide and risk assessment in Kimchi cabbage field, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea: the protective role of PPE (personal protective equipment)

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers during chlorothalonil and flubendiamide treatments in pepper fields

Exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers during chlorothalonil and flubendiamide treatments in pepper fields

Exposure and risk assessment for agricultural workers during chlorothalonil and flubendiamide treatments in pepper fields

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development in Male Mice upon Exposure to Flubendiamide

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