Potential effects of vaccinations on the prevention of COVID-19: rationale, clinical evidence, risks, and public health considerations

Sultana, Janet; Mazzaglia, Giampiero; Luxi, Nicoletta; Cancellieri, Antonino; Capuano, Annalisa; Ferrajolo, Carmen; Waure, Chiara de; Ferlazzo, Guido; Trifirò, Gianluca

doi:10.1080/14760584.2020.1825951

Cited by 89 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Studies on Influenza vaccination and possible protection against COVID-19 are controversial and present little evidence of a potential benefit. As suggested, the administration of the Influenza vaccine can be beneficial in preventing seasonal Influenza, avoiding super-infection or co-infections with COVID-19 [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the analysis of mortality risk factors for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A data-driven study using the major Brazilian database

et al. 2021

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Background Brazil became the epicenter of the COVID-19 epidemic in a brief period of a few months after the first officially registered case. The knowledge of the epidemiological/clinical profile and the risk factors of Brazilian COVID-19 patients can assist in the decision making of physicians in the implementation of early and most appropriate measures for poor prognosis patients. However, these reports are missing. Here we present a comprehensive study that addresses this demand. Methods This data-driven study was based on the Brazilian Ministry of Health Database (SIVEP-Gripe) regarding notified cases of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during the period from February 26th to August 10th, 2020. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, comorbidities and other additional information of patients were analyzed. Results The hospitalization rate was higher for male gender (56.56%) and for older age patients of both sexes. Overall, the lethality rate was quite high (41.28%) among hospitalized patients, especially those over 60 years of age. Most prevalent symptoms were cough, dyspnoea, fever, low oxygen saturation and respiratory distress. Cardiac disease, diabetes, obesity, kidney disease, neurological disease, and pneumopathy were the most prevalent comorbidities. A high prevalence of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with cardiac disease (65.7%) and diabetes (53.55%) and with a high lethality rate of around 50% was observed. The intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate was 39.37% and of these 62.4% died. 24.4% of patients required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), with high mortality among them (82.98%). The main mortality risk predictors were older age and IMV requirement. In addition, socioeconomic conditions have been shown to significantly influence the disease outcome, regardless of age and comorbidities. Conclusion Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the hospitalized Brazilian COVID-19 patients profile and the mortality risk factors. The analysis also evidenced that the disease outcome is influenced by multiple factors, as unequally affects different segments of population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the analysis of mortality risk factors for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A data-driven study using the major Brazilian database

et al. 2021

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“…Multiple P/Ts viewed the 2020-21 seasonal influenza program as a trial for how COVID-19 vaccine delivery may occur. Following the H1N1 pandemic, it was noted that well-functioning influenza vaccination programs are essential for ensuring that adequate infrastructure is available for pandemic vaccination response (2). Guidance on strategies for influenza vaccine delivery during the pandemic were provided by NACI early in the pandemic (7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Canadian public health officials are now facing the next major challenge of the pandemic: planning and implementing vaccination programs. There are many decisions that need to be made, including the distribution, administration, and monitoring of vaccines (2). As initial vaccine supply is limited, one important consideration is the prioritization of target groups for COVID-19 vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental scan of provincial and territorial planning for COVID-19 vaccination programs

MacDonald

Sell

Wilson

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundPublic health departments in Canada are currently facing the challenging task of planning and implementing COVID-19 vaccination programs.ObjectiveTo collect and synthesize information regarding COVID-19 vaccination programs in each of the provinces and territories (P/Ts).MethodsProvincial/territorial public health leaders were interviewed via teleconference between August-October 2020 to collect information on the following topics, drawn from scientific literature and media: unique factors for COVID-19 vaccination, adoption of National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommendations, priority groups for early vaccination, and vaccine safety and effectiveness monitoring. Data were grouped according to common responses and descriptive analysis was performed.ResultsEighteen interviews occurred with 25 participants from 11 of 13 P/Ts. Factors unique to COVID-19 vaccination included prioritizing groups for early vaccination (n=7), public perception of vaccines (n=6), and differing eligibility criteria (n=5). Almost all P/Ts (n=10) reported reliance on NACI recommendations. Long-term care residents (n=10) and health care workers (n=10) were most frequently prioritized for early vaccination, followed by people with chronic medical conditions (n=9) and seniors (n=8). Most P/Ts (n=9) are planning routine adverse event monitoring to assess vaccine safety. Evaluation of effectiveness was anticipated to occur within public health departments (n=3), by researchers (n=3), or based on national guidance (n=4).ConclusionPlans for COVID-19 vaccination programs in the P/Ts exhibit some similarities and are largely consistent with NACI guidelines, with some discrepancies. Further research is needed to evaluate the success of COVID-19 vaccination programs once implemented.

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“…Since the World Health Organization declared the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic on March 11, 2020[1], initial control measures that are still in use in most affected countries are non-pharmaceutical interventions ( NPIs , including physical distancing, hand hygiene, and mask-wearing), which have been efficient in controlling virus spread [2,3,4]. However, due to SARS-CoV-2 rapid spread and high mortality, it is widely accepted that a safe and effective vaccine is crucial for mitigating the epidemic [5,6] The scientific community has immediately started studying the virus and developing a vaccine against it. Several such vaccines are already available to multiple countries [7,8], while others are currently in clinical and preclinical development [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community structured model for vaccine strategies to control COVID19 spread: a mathematical study

Aruffo

Yuan

Tan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Efforts to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic have relied heavily on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including physical distancing, hand hygiene, and mask-wearing. However, an effective vaccine is essential to containing the spread of the virus. The first doses were distributed at the end of 2020, but the efficacy, period of immunity it will provide, and percentage of coverage still remain unclear. We developed a compartment model to examine different vaccine strategies for controlling the spread of COVID-19. Our framework accounts for testing rates, test-turnaround times, and vaccination waning immunity. Using reported case data from the city of Toronto, Canada between Mar-Dec, 2020 we defined epidemic phases of infection using contact rates, which depend on individuals’ duration of time spent within the household, workplace/school, or community settings, as well as the probability of transmission upon contact. We investigated the impact of vaccine distribution by comparing different permutations of waning immunity, vaccine coverage and efficacy throughout various stages of NPI’s relaxation in terms of cases, deaths, and household transmission, as measured using the basic reproduction number (R0). We observed that widespread vaccine coverage substantially reduced the number of cases and deaths. In order for NPIs to be relaxed 8 months after vaccine distribution, infection spread can be kept under control with either 60% vaccine coverage, no waning immunity, and 70% efficacy, or with 60% coverage with a 12-month waning immunity and 90% vaccine efficacy. Widespread virus resurgence can result when the immunity wanes under 3 months and/or when NPI’s are relaxed in concomitance with vaccine distribution. In addition to vaccination, our analysis of R0 showed that the basic reproduction number is reduced by decreasing the tests turnaround time and transmission in the household. While we found that household transmission can decrease following the introduction of a vaccine, public health efforts to reduce test turnaround times remain important for virus containment. Our findings suggest that vaccinating two-thirds of the population with a vaccine that is at least 70% effective may be sufficient for controlling COVID-19 spread, as long as NPI’s are not immediately relaxed.

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Potential effects of vaccinations on the prevention of COVID-19: rationale, clinical evidence, risks, and public health considerations

Cited by 89 publications

References 79 publications

On the analysis of mortality risk factors for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A data-driven study using the major Brazilian database

On the analysis of mortality risk factors for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A data-driven study using the major Brazilian database

Environmental scan of provincial and territorial planning for COVID-19 vaccination programs

Community structured model for vaccine strategies to control COVID19 spread: a mathematical study

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