Potential diagnostic biomarkers for schizophrenia

Abstract

Schizophrenia (SCH) is a complex and severe mental disorder with high prevalence, disability, mortality and carries a heavy disease burden, the lifetime prevalence of SCH is around 0.7%–1.0%, which has a profound impact on the individual and society. In the clinical practice of SCH, key problems such as subjective diagnosis, experiential treatment, and poor overall prognosis are still challenging. In recent years, some exciting discoveries have been made in the research on objective biomarkers of SCH, mainly focusing on genetic susceptibility genes, metabolic indicators, immune indices, brain imaging, electrophysiological characteristics. This review aims to summarize the biomarkers that may be used for the prediction and diagnosis of SCH.

The Underlying Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychosis: Focus on Neurotransmission Dysregulation, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

“…We have included information on biomarkers in most of the sections described above in this review, but a detailed overview of the enormous number of biomarkers that have been investigated is beyond the scope of this review. There are numerous excellent papers on this topic in the literature (e.g., [ 33 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 ]). The Yue et al [ 172 ] paper contains detailed tables on potential diagnostic biomarkers in the following categories: neuroimmune markers [CNS and peripheral cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP)]; neurotransmitter-related metabolic markers; fatty acids; neuroactive steroids; neurotrophins; neuroimaging; genetics; and electrophysiology.…”

“…There are numerous excellent papers on this topic in the literature (e.g., [ 33 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 ]). The Yue et al [ 172 ] paper contains detailed tables on potential diagnostic biomarkers in the following categories: neuroimmune markers [CNS and peripheral cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP)]; neurotransmitter-related metabolic markers; fatty acids; neuroactive steroids; neurotrophins; neuroimaging; genetics; and electrophysiology. Yu et al [ 173 ] present results from a study on plasma levels of neuropeptides in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), bipolar disorder (BD), or major depressive disorder and healthy controls.…”

Brain Lipids and Lipid Droplet Dysregulation in Alzheimer’s Disease and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

“…Furthermore, despite the supportive genetic evidence for the involvement of lipidrelated genes in AD and NPDs, whether neural LDs, FFA, and cholesterol are correlated with peripheral plasma lipid levels and other clinical outcomes of AD and NPDs during disease progression is unknown. To address these challenging questions, besides the traditionally used postmortem brains and animal models, iPSC-derived neurons, astrocytes, and microglia may provide invaluable in vitro cellular models [184,187,[225][226][227][228][229][230][231] for studying cell type-specific lipids and LDs in the context of different disease states, which will significantly advance our understanding of how cell type-specific abnormal lipids contribute to the risk for AD and some NPDs. Some cellular lipid metrics may serve as biomarkers for early AD diagnosis and progression, and the downstream gene pathways of lipids and LDs may be promising targets for developing more tailored and effective treatments for AD.…”

A preliminary metabolomics study of the database for biological samples of schizophrenia among Chinese ethnic minorities

“…To advance the understanding of SCZ’s genetic mechanisms, pathogenesis, and the foundations for objective diagnosis, international collaborative efforts are underway to establish psychiatric disease sample banks across different countries and ethnicities [ 11 , 12 ]. The biomarkers research for SCZ is also progressing, with a focus on genes, metabolic and immune markers, brain imaging, electrophysiological traits, and integrative multi-omics and data mining approaches [ 13 ].…”