Potential dermal exposure to deltamethrin and risk assessment for manual sprayers: Influence of crop type

Hughes, Enrique A.; Flores, Andrea P.; Ramos, Laura M.; Zalts, Anita; Glass, C. R.; Montserrat, Javier M.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.09.034

Cited by 63 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…For dermal absorption, 10% of dermal absorption (Choi et al, 2006;Hughes et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2012;Ramos et al, 2010) and 10% of cloth penetration (Choi et al, 2006;Kim et al, 2012) were assumed, while 100% penetration was applied for inhalation (Kim et al, 2012;Oliveira and Machado-Neto, 2003). When no inhalation data was available, Huges et al (2008) assumed a dermal exposure of 1%.…”

Section: Mos and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure and Risk Assessment of Operators to Insecticide Acetamiprid during Treatment on Apple Orchard

Kim¹,

Moon²,

Lee³

et al. 2013

Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology

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Abstract. Occupational exposure and risk assessment were conducted to evaluate the safety of operators when insecticide acetamiprid was applied to apple orchard using a speed sprayer. Dermal patches, cotton gloves, socks, and masks were used to monitor the dermal exposure, and personal air pump with solid sorbent was used to measure the potential inhalation exposure. In validation to analytical methods, the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.25 ng and 1 ng, respectively. Good reproducibility (coefficient variation < 4%), linearity (coefficient determination > 0.999), and recovery (85.3-118.2%) were obtained. Trapping efficiency of solid sorbent was 96.4% while breakthrough did not occur. Only hand exposure was measured on the gloves during mixing/loading to give 33-1,132 μg. Exposure amount of operator 3 among 4 workers was noticeably high. The total volumes of spray liquid for operators were 535-1,235 mL·h -1 , corresponding to 0.03-0.08% of the applied spray solution. Highest contaminated parts of body were thighs, chest, and lower legs. The inhalation exposure ratio to the total application amount was significantly low. However, wind seemed to affect the inhalation exposure of operator. For risk assessment, margin of safety was calculated by the application of cloth and dermal penetration rate to obtain values of much larger than 1 in all cases. Therefore, health risk of operators during treatment of acetamiprid in apple orchard could be of least possibility.Additional key words: dermal exposure, inhalation exposure, margin of safety

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Section: Mos and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure and Risk Assessment of Operators to Insecticide Acetamiprid during Treatment on Apple Orchard

Kim¹,

Moon²,

Lee³

et al. 2013

Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology

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“…The result is also in agreement with other experiments reported in the literature. Hughes et al [49], as an example, when investigating the effect of crop type on PDE, found greater exposure during application of deltamethrin to maize (average height between 1.9 and 2.1 m) than to broccoli crops (plants height of 0.4-0.7 m).…”

Section: Tests On Tomato Plants: Effects Of Walking Direction and Plamentioning

confidence: 99%

Operator Dermal Exposure to Pesticides in Tomato and Strawberry Greenhouses from Hand-Held Sprayers

et al. 2018

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Protection of greenhouse crops in southern Italy usually requires 15-20 phytosanitary treatments per year, with volume rates in the range of 1000-2000 L ha −1 , depending on the plant growth stage. The most widespread sprayers are hand-held, high-pressure devices, which may expose operators to high levels of pesticides. This paper, also with the aim to lead toward a more sustainable use of greenhouses in agricultural productions, including some aspects of workers' safety, reports the results of experimental tests aimed at measuring the amount of the mixture deposited on the worker's body (potential dermal exposure, PDE) during pesticide applications to tomato and strawberry plants in a protected environment. Experimental tests on tomatoes were carried out taking into account two plant growth stages (flowering and senescence), two types of spray lance, two working pressures (1 and 2 MPa), and two walking directions (forwards and backwards). Those on the strawberries were carried out at the maturity of the fruit growth stage, comparing two hand-held sprayers (a standard spray gun and a short hand-held spray boom equipped with two nozzles) and working according to the common practice: forwards movement of the operator and high pressure (2 MPa). The results showed that with the tomato plants, the most important factor in reducing the deposit on the operator was the walking direction: on average, the PDE was 718 mL per 1000 L of the sprayed mixture (0.72 ) while walking forwards and 133 mL (0.13 ) while walking backwards. The reduction factor ranged from 3.0 at the flowering growth stage to 7.2 at the senescence growth stage. With respect to the strawberry plants, the PDE was significantly higher when the operator used the short hand-held spray boom (887 mL per 1000 L of the sprayed mixture, equivalent to 0.89 ), rather than the spray gun (344 mL, 0.34 ). In both cases, the most exposed body parts were the lower limbs, which accounted for 89-94% of the total PDE.

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“…농약과 농 작업자의 직접적인 접촉은 농작업자의 건강 위해성을 초래 할 수 있고, 이러한 위해성은 농약의 독성과 노출량에 따라 달라진다 (Turnbull, 1985). 농약의 독성 정도는 화합물 자체 의 고유특성으로 국제적으로 표준화된 시험법을 통해 결과 를 얻고 그 독성치는 자료화 되어서 많은 출처에서 찾아서 이용할 수 있지만 농약 노출량은 해당 국가, 지역, 환경 및 기후 조건에 적합한 영농 활동시의 상황(작업의 종류, 작업 시간 등)에 따라 다르기 때문에 (Turnbull, 1985;Fenske and Day JR, 2005;Hughes et al, 2008;Grobkopf et al, 2013) 실제 그 장소에서 해당 포장 상황에서의 노출량을 측정해 서 위해평가에 이용해야 한다. 따라서 해당 영농 활동 시 정확한 노출량 측정은 합리적 위해 평가의 매우 중요한 요 소이다.…”

Section: 서 론unclassified

“…따라서 해당 영농 활동 시 정확한 노출량 측정은 합리적 위해 평가의 매우 중요한 요 소이다. 농작업자의 농약 사용 시 노출의 주요 경로는 피부노출과 호흡노출이다 (Fenske and Day JR, 2005;Hughes et al, 2008;Chester, 2010;Behroozy, 2013). 피부노출 측정은 주 로 패치법(patch)을 사용해 왔으며 (Chester, 1993;Fenske, 1993;Soutar et al, 2000;Chester, 2010;Farahat et al, 2010;Wassie et al, 2012;Behroozy, 2013;Abukari, 2015;An et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2015) 대부분의 국내 노출 연 구 또한 패치법을 주로 이용하였다 (Liu, 2003;Kang et al, 2004;Choi et al, 2006; a ; Kim et al, 2012 a,b ;Choi and Moon, 2013;Kim et al, 2013;Choi, 2014).…”

Section: 서 론unclassified

“…패치법은 사용하기 편리하고 경제적 이지만 작은 면적의 패치를 실제 체표면적으로 외삽하는 과 정에서 과대, 과소평가되는 경향이 있고, 실제 작업복과 재 질 차이로 인하여 농약의 흡착 정도가 달라 정확한 노출량 을 측정하기 어려운 단점이 있다 (Franklin et al, 1981;Fenske, 1990;Niven et al, 1993;Tannahill et al, 1996;Cao et al, 2015). 이를 보완하기 위하여 전신복장노출법 (Whole Body Dosimetry; WBD)을 사용하여 피부노출량을 측정하는데, 이 방법은 전신작업복을 입고 작업을 수행한 후, 작업복 전체를 추출, 분석하기 때문에 전신작업복의 사 용, 비교적 장시간의 노출 시료 채취 과정, 분석시 용매의 다량 소비 등 패치법과 비교하여 상대적으로 불편하고 비경 제적이지만, 노출량의 외삽 과정 없이 실제 피부노출량을 현실적으로 측정할 수 있다 (Chester 1993;Fenske, 1993;OECD, 1997;Castro Cano et al, 2000;Machera et al, 2003;Hughes et al, 2006;Hughes et al, 2008;LesmesFabian et al, 2012;Gao et al, 2013;Grobkopf et al, 2013;An et al, 2014;Abukari, 2015;Cao et al, 2015). 최 근, 국내에서도 전신복장노출법을 이용하여 수박 시설재배 시 농작업자의 피부노출량을 측정한 논문이 보고되었으며 , 전신작업복 속에 내복을 입고 내복의 농 약 오염량까지 측정한 연구도 보고되었다 (Grobkopf et al, 2013;An et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2014).…”

Section: 서 론unclassified

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Evaluation for Application of IOM Sampler for Agricultural Farmer's Inhalation Exposure to Kresoxim-methyl and Fenthion

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Lee³

et al. 2015

The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science

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An IOM sampler equipped with glass fiber filter has been recently utilized instead of solid adsorbent, which was used to measure the inhalation exposure of agricultural operator to pesticides. The aim of this study is to validate the efficacy of an IOM sampler by measuring the trapping efficiency and breakthrough using kresoxim-methyl water-dispersible granule and fenthion emulsifiable concentrate. On LC-MS/MS, minimum detection level was 12.5 pg and method limit of detection was 5.0 ng/mL. Good linearity (R 2 > 0.999) for matrix matched standards was obtained. Recoveries of pesticides from glass fiber filter were 102-109% (kresoxim-methyl) and 97-104% (fenthion) while those from XAD-2 resin were 94-98% (kresoxim methyl) and 93-100% (fenthion). Trapping efficiency test was performed with personal air pumps and IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) connected with solid adsorbent (XAD-2 resin) with two types of formulation (solid and liquid) which were diluted by standard rate and sprayed to IOM sampler. Those pesticides were trapped only in glass fiber filter without any breakthrough to solid adsorbent. After spiking of pesticides to glass fiber filter, breakthrough test was carried out with IOM sampler (glass fiber filter) which was connected with solid adsorbent. As a results, 87-101% of kresoxim-methyl and 96-105% of fenthion remained in spiked glass fiber filter, however, no pesticides were detected in second glass fiber filter and solid adsorbent. In conclusion, IOM sampler which equipped with glass fiber filter can be applied widely for pesticide inhalation exposure study since it has good trapping efficiency and adsorption capacity, regardless of the solid or liquid formulation.

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Potential dermal exposure to deltamethrin and risk assessment for manual sprayers: Influence of crop type

Cited by 63 publications

References 6 publications

Exposure and Risk Assessment of Operators to Insecticide Acetamiprid during Treatment on Apple Orchard

Exposure and Risk Assessment of Operators to Insecticide Acetamiprid during Treatment on Apple Orchard

Operator Dermal Exposure to Pesticides in Tomato and Strawberry Greenhouses from Hand-Held Sprayers

Evaluation for Application of IOM Sampler for Agricultural Farmer's Inhalation Exposure to Kresoxim-methyl and Fenthion

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