Potential Dermal Exposure and Risk Assessment for Applicators of Chlorothalonil and Chlorpyrifos in Cucumber Greenhouses in China

Abstract

Occupational exposure to pesticides has not been conducted in depth so far in China. The potential dermal exposure and risk assessment were conducted for applicators through application with a knapsack power sprayer in cucumber greenhouses. The spray suspension was prepared with 75% chlorothalonil WP and 48% chlorpyrifos EC. The dermal patch method was applied to assess the potential dermal exposure (PDE) of applicators during application. The average total PDE on the whole body of applicators during application of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos was 83.2 mL h −1 and 85.1 mL h −1 , respectively. The most exposed part of the body was arms, especially the right arm. For risk assessment, the margin of safety (MOS) was calculated from the PDE. The MOS values were 0.1 and 0.2 for application of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos, respectively, both less than 1, which indicated low possibility of health risk.

Comparison of a new air‐assisted sprayer and two conventional sprayers in terms of deposition, loss to the soil and residue of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole applied to sunlit greenhouse tomato and field cucumber

“…Tomato and cucumber are representative crops and the most common vegetables in the world . Pesticides are widely used to control diseases, insects and mite infestations on tomato and cucumber .…”

Evaluation for Application of IOM Sampler for Agricultural Farmer's Inhalation Exposure to Kresoxim-methyl and Fenthion

“…농작업자의 농약 사용 시 노출의 주요 경로는 피부노출과 호흡노출이다 (Fenske and Day JR, 2005;Hughes et al, 2008;Chester, 2010;Behroozy, 2013). 피부노출 측정은 주 로 패치법(patch)을 사용해 왔으며 (Chester, 1993;Fenske, 1993;Soutar et al, 2000;Chester, 2010;Farahat et al, 2010;Wassie et al, 2012;Behroozy, 2013;Abukari, 2015;An et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2015) 대부분의 국내 노출 연 구 또한 패치법을 주로 이용하였다 (Liu, 2003;Kang et al, 2004;Choi et al, 2006; a ; Kim et al, 2012 a,b ;Choi and Moon, 2013;Kim et al, 2013;Choi, 2014). 패치법은 사용하기 편리하고 경제적 이지만 작은 면적의 패치를 실제 체표면적으로 외삽하는 과 정에서 과대, 과소평가되는 경향이 있고, 실제 작업복과 재 질 차이로 인하여 농약의 흡착 정도가 달라 정확한 노출량 을 측정하기 어려운 단점이 있다 (Franklin et al, 1981;Fenske, 1990;Niven et al, 1993;Tannahill et al, 1996;Cao et al, 2015).…”

“…호흡노출은 피부노출에 비해 대개 0.0-9.1% 이하로 그 양 이 적지만 (Culver et al, 1956;Miller et al, 1980;WHO, 1982;Wojeck et al, 1983;USEPA, 1996;Capri et al, 1999;Oliveira and Machado-Neto, 2003;Choi et al, 2006;Kim et al, 2011 a,b ;Kim et al, 2012 a,b ; Choi and Moon, 2013;Moon et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2014), 노출량 100% 가 몸에 흡수되는 것으로 가정하기 때문에 (Fenske and Day JR, 2005;Worgan, 2005, Kim et al, 2011 a, Choi and Moon, 2013;Moon et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2014) 위해평가 과정에서 기여도가 높으며, 특히 시설 재배 와 실내와 같은 밀폐된 공간에서의 농약 살포 시 호흡노출 은 매우 중요하다 (Castro Cano et al, 2000;Machera et al, 2003;Byoun et al, 2005;Ramos et al, 2010;Choi and Moon, 2013;Kim et al, 2014;An et al, 2015).…”

“…농작업자의 호흡노출량 측정은 일반적으로 XAD-2 등의 고체흡착제를 개인용 공기펌프에 연결하거나 (Farewell et al, 1977;Johnson et al, 1977;Lewis and Jackson, 1982;Billing and Bidleman, 1983;Williams et al, 1986;Leidy and Wright, 1991;Wright et al, 1993;Lu and Fenske, 1998;Machera et al, 2003;Byoun et al, 2005;Choi et al, 2006;Farahat et al, 2010;Kim et al, a,b , 2012Dalvie et al, 2014;An et al, 2014;Cao et al, 2015), 고체 흡착제 앞에 유리섬유여과지를 연결하여 사용하였다 a,b , Kim et al, 2012Choi and Moon., 2013;Moon et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2015 (Katinka et al, 2004;Grobkopf et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2014) (Fig. 1).…”

Evaluation of Self-Propelled High-Energy Ultrasonic Atomizer on Azoxystrobin and Tebuconazole Application in Sunlit Greenhouse Tomatoes

“…However, plant protection products (PPPs) in the greenhouse of China and many other countries are normally applied by low-technology manual systems, such as knapsack sprayers and hand-held spray guns or spray booms [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. These sprayers not only limit the efficiency and effectiveness of pesticide application [ 7 ], but also increase environmental contaminations, pesticide residues [ 8 ], and operator exposure risk [ 9 , 10 ].…”