Potential Costs of Selecting Good Sites For Offspring: Increased Risk of Drowning And Negative Effects on Egg Production

Hirayama, Hiroyuki; Kasuya, Eiiti

doi:10.1111/eth.12296

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Predators reduce prey population densities through consumption and by driving prey to adopt defenses (Werner and Peacor 2003 ; Preisser et al 2005 ) that are costly due to reduced foraging (Morrison 1999 ; Downes 2001 ), enhanced predation risk (Losey and Denno 1998 ; Sih et al 1998 ; Otsuki and Yano 2014a ) or exposure to abiotic stressors (Hirayama and Kasuya 2014 ; Okada and Yano 2021 ). The non-consumptive effects of predators on prey are sometimes comparable in strength to the effects of direct consumption (Lima 1998 ; Morrison 1999 ; Bolker et al 2003 ; Creel and Christianson 2008 ; Okada and Yano 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoidance of ant chemical traces by spider mites and its interpretation

2022

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Spider mites become easy prey for ants when they leave their protective webs; therefore, the ability to avoid traces of ongoing ant activity should confer a selective advantage to mites. We examined avoidance of ant traces by the spider mites Tetranychus kanzawai and Tetranychus urticae. Both mite species avoided host plant leaves with active traces of Pristomyrmex punctatus or Formica japonica ants. Pristomyrmex punctatus trace avoidance by T. kanzawai lasted for more than 1 h, but not more than 3 h. Tetranychus kanzawai also avoided P. punctatus traces on plant stems, along which the mites access leaves. Moreover, T. kanzawai avoided hexane extracts of P. punctatus or F. japonica applied to a filter paper pathway. This study represents the first demonstration of a repellent effect of ant chemical traces on spider mites. Considering the substantial abundance and global distribution of ants in nature, such repellent effects may help to answer the long-standing question of why only a small fraction of available plant resources is used by herbivores. Although spider mites have developed resistance against many synthetic pesticides, natural compounds that simulate ant chemical traces may repel spider mites from agricultural crops.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avoidance of ant chemical traces by spider mites and its interpretation

2022

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“…In the absence of predation risk, spider mite females lay almost all their eggs on leaf surfaces (Oku & Yano, ; Lemos et al., ; see Figure a), which suggests that there are costs associated with micro‐oviposition shifts. In water striders, oviposition at sites deeper under water reduces egg parasitism, but also imposes costs of increased drowning and decreased egg numbers on ovipositing females (Hirayama & Kasuya, ). We examined whether the possible cost of spider mite micro‐oviposition shift is reflected in egg numbers and female longevity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Within‐patch oviposition site shifts by spider mites in response to prior predation risks decrease predator patch exploitation

Otsuki

Yano

2017

Ethology

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In egg‐laying animals with no post‐oviposition parental care, between‐ or within‐patch oviposition site selection can determine offspring survival. However, despite the accumulation of evidence supporting the substantial impact predators have on oviposition site selection, few studies have examined whether oviposition site shift within patches (“micro‐oviposition shift”) reduces predation risk to offspring. The benefits of prey micro‐oviposition shift are underestimated in environments where predators cannot disperse from prey patches. In this study, we examined micro‐oviposition shift by the herbivorous mite Tetranychus kanzawai in response to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi, by testing its effects on predator patch exploitation in situations where predatory mites were free to disperse from prey patches. Adult T. kanzawai females construct three‐dimensional webs on leaf surfaces and usually lay eggs under the webs; however, females that have experienced predation risks, shift oviposition sites onto the webs even in the absence of current predation risks. We compared the predation of eggs on webs deposited by predator‐experienced females with those on leaf surfaces. Predatory mites left prey patches with more eggs unpredated when higher proportions of prey eggs were located on webs, and egg survival on webs was much higher than that on leaf surfaces. These results indicate that a micro‐oviposition shift by predator‐experienced T. kanzawai protects offspring from predation, suggesting adaptive learning and subsociality in this species. Conversely, fecundity and longevity of predator‐experienced T. kanzawai females were not reduced compared to those of predator‐naïve females; we could not detect any costs associated with the learned micro‐oviposition shift. Moreover, the previously experienced predation risks did not promote between‐patch dispersal of T. kanzawai females against subsequently encountered predators. Based on these results, the relationships of between‐patch oviposition site selection and micro‐oviposition shift are discussed.

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“…Anti-predator defences generally incur fitness costs that are outweighed by the benefit of predator avoidance [1]. Costs associated with defence induction result from reduced foraging [2][3][4] and enhanced risk of predation by other species [5][6][7] or exposure to abiotic stressors [8]. The induction of costly defences can be seen as a non-consumptive effect of predators that control prey population density [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oviposition-site shift in phytophagous mites reflects a trade-off between predator avoidance and rainstorm resistance

Okada

Yano

2021

Biol. Lett.

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Predators can reduce prey population densities by driving them to undertake costly defences. Here, we report on a remarkable example of induced antipredator defence in spider mites that enhances the risk to rainstorms. Spider mites live on the undersides of host plant leaves and usually oviposit on the leaf undersurface. When they are threatened by predatory mites, they oviposit on three-dimensional webs to avoid egg predation, although the cost of ovipositing on webs has not yet been clearly determined. We prepared bean plants harbouring spider mite ( Tetranychus kanzawai ) eggs on either leaf surfaces or webs and exposed them to rainstorms outdoors. We found that fewer eggs remained on webs than on leaf surfaces. We then examined the synergistic effect of wind and rain by simulating both in the laboratory. We conclude that ovipositing on webs comes at a cost, as eggs are washed off the host plants by wind and rain. This may explain why spider mite populations decrease drastically in the rainy season, although they inhibit leaf undersides where they are not directly exposed to rainfall.

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Potential Costs of Selecting Good Sites For Offspring: Increased Risk of Drowning And Negative Effects on Egg Production

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Avoidance of ant chemical traces by spider mites and its interpretation

Avoidance of ant chemical traces by spider mites and its interpretation

Within‐patch oviposition site shifts by spider mites in response to prior predation risks decrease predator patch exploitation

Oviposition-site shift in phytophagous mites reflects a trade-off between predator avoidance and rainstorm resistance

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