Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study

Copeland, Jeffrey H.; Pielke, Roger A.; Kittel, T.G.F.

doi:10.1029/95jd02676

Cited by 167 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Land use/land cover change mechanisms include both transformation of natural land surfaces to those serving human needs (i.e., direct anthropogenic change; e.g., conversion of tropical forest to agriculture) as well as changes in land cover on longer time scales that are due to biogeophysical feedbacks between atmosphere and land (i.e., indirect change; Cramer et al 2001;Foley et al 2005). Global and regional models have been used extensively to investigate effects of direct and indirect land use/land cover change mechanisms on climate (Copeland et al 1996;Betts 2001;Eastman et al 2001;Pielke et al 2002;Feddema et al 2005). However, all of these studies have focused on land use/land cover related to changes in vegetation types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation for Two Cities

Oleson

Bonan

Feddema

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

244

210

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Urbanization, the expansion of built-up areas, is an important yet less-studied aspect of land use/land cover change in climate science. To date, most global climate models used to evaluate effects of land use/land cover change on climate do not include an urban parameterization. Here, the authors describe the formulation and evaluation of a parameterization of urban areas that is incorporated into the Community Land Model, the land surface component of the Community Climate System Model. The model is designed to be simple enough to be compatible with structural and computational constraints of a land surface model coupled to a global climate model yet complex enough to explore physically based processes known to be important in determining urban climatology. The city representation is based upon the "urban canyon" concept, which consists of roofs, sunlit and shaded walls, and canyon floor. The canyon floor is divided into pervious (e.g., residential lawns, parks) and impervious (e.g., roads, parking lots, sidewalks) fractions. Trapping of longwave radiation by canyon surfaces and solar radiation absorption and reflection is determined by accounting for multiple reflections. Separate energy balances and surface temperatures are determined for each canyon facet. A one-dimensional heat conduction equation is solved numerically for a 10-layer column to determine conduction fluxes into and out of canyon surfaces. Model performance is evaluated against measured fluxes and temperatures from two urban sites. Results indicate the model does a reasonable job of simulating the energy balance of cities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation for Two Cities

Oleson

Bonan

Feddema

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

244

210

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Over the past ten years, coupled atmosphere and land surface models have been developed, allowing a quantitative exploration of these interactions. The effect of land cover change on the climate of the United States has been studied by comparing current, historical, and in some cases, future land cover scenarios [Bonan, 1997[Bonan, , 1999Bounoua et al, 2002;Copeland et al, 1996;DeFries et al, 2002;Pan et al, 1999]. These studies reported regional and seasonal differences in response to land cover change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of agricultural practice on regional climate in a coupled land surface mesoscale model

et al. 2005

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[1] The land surface has been shown to form strong feedbacks with climate due to linkages between atmospheric conditions and terrestrial ecosystem exchanges of energy, momentum, water, and trace gases. Although often ignored in modeling studies, land management itself may form significant feedbacks. Because crops are harvested earlier under drier conditions, regional air temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture, for example, affect harvest timing, particularly of rain-fed crops. This removal of vegetation alters the land surface characteristics and may, in turn, affect regional climate. We applied a coupled climate model (MM5) and land surface model (LSM1) to examine the effects of early and late winter wheat harvest on regional climate in the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility in the Southern Great Plains, where winter wheat accounts for 20% of the land area. Within the harvested, winter wheat region, simulated 2 m air temperature was 1.3°C warmer in the early harvest scenario at midday averaged over the 2 weeks following harvest. Soils in the harvested area were drier and warmer in the top 10 cm and wetter in the 10-20 cm layer compared to those in the late harvest. Midday soils were 2.5°C warmer in the harvested area at midday averaged over the 2 weeks following harvest. Harvest also dramatically altered latent and sensible heat fluxes. Although differences between scenarios diminished once both scenarios were harvested, the short-term impacts of land management on climate were comparable to those from land cover change demonstrated in other studies.

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“…wind speed, duration, and gustiness; see Mayer, 1989), but also by the tree and stand characteristics, such as tree species, tree height, tree diameter, crown area, rooting depth and width, and stand density (Coutts, 1986;Gardiner et al, 1997;Peltola et al, 1999;. Moreover, large differences in the risk of wind damage can be observed between regions and locations that differ in topography and wind climate (Copeland et al, 1996;Quine, 2000). For example, forests located on hills or higher altitudes are, on average, the most susceptible to damage (Talkkari et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage at a landscape level in a boreal forest ecosystem

et al. 2010

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Keywords:critical wind speed / forest edges / mechanistic model / Monte Carlo simulation / risk of wind damage Abstract • The aim of this work was to analyze how the forest structure affects the risk of wind damage at the landscape level in a boreal forest.• This was done by employing: (i) Monte Carlo simulation technique for generating landscapes with different age class distributions, proportions of open areas (gaps), and tree species composition; and (ii) a mechanistic wind damage model, HWIND, for predicting the critical wind speeds at downwind stand edges of open areas (gaps) for risk consideration. The level of risk of wind damage observed at the landscape level was significantly affected by the presence of gaps and old stands. Even a slight increase in the proportion of gap areas or older stands had a significant impact on the total length of edges at risk. As a comparison, variation in species composition (Scots pine and/or Norway spruce) had much smaller impact on the risk of damage.• In conclusion, the effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage should especially be considered by forest managers in day-to-day forest planning in order to reduce the risk of wind damage both at the stand and landscape level. Mots-clés :vitesse critique du vent / lisières forestières / modèle mécaniste / simulation de Monte Carlo / risque de dommages causés par le vent Résumé -Les effets de la structure de la forêt sur le risque de dommages causés par le vent au niveau du paysage dans un écosystème forestier boréal.• L'objectif de ce travail était d'analyser comment la structure forestière affecte le risque de dommages causés par le vent à l'échelle du paysage dans une forêt boréale.• C'est objectif a été atteint par l'emploi : (i) de la technique de simulation de Monte Carlo pour générer des paysages de différentes distributions de classe d'âge, de proportions des zones ouvertes (trouées), et de composition des espèces d'arbres ; et (ii) d'un modèle mécaniste de dommages causés par le vent, HWIND, pour la prédiction des vitesses de vent critiques au niveau des lisières sous le vent des zones ouvertes (trouées) en relation avec les risques. Le niveau de risque de dommages causés par le vent observé à l'échelle du paysage a été significativement affecté par la présence de trouées et de vieux peuplements. Une augmentation même légère dans la proportion de trouées ou de vieux peuplements a eu un impact significatif sur la longueur totale des lisières à risque. À titre de comparaison, la variation dans la composition des espèces (pin sylvestre et/ou épicéa) a eu beaucoup moins d'impact sur le risque de dommages.• En conclusion, les effets de la structure de la forêt sur le risque de dommages causés par le vent devraient être examinées en particulier par les gestionnaires forestiers pour une planification des opé-rations forestière au jour le jour, afin de réduire le risque de dommages causés par le vent à la fois au niveau du peuplement et au niveau du paysage.

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Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study

Cited by 167 publications

References 20 publications

An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation for Two Cities

An Urban Parameterization for a Global Climate Model. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation for Two Cities

Impact of agricultural practice on regional climate in a coupled land surface mesoscale model

The effects of forest structure on the risk of wind damage at a landscape level in a boreal forest ecosystem

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