Potential biomarkers reflecting inflammation in patients with severe periodontitis: Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor (CX3CR1)

Abstract

Objective The aim of this study was to determine differences in GCF and serum levels of fractalkine/CX3CL1 and its receptor/ CX3CR1 between the patients with stage III/grade B periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects. Background Fractalkine (CX3CL1), the only member of CX3C chemokine family, is involved in the pathogenesis of several systemic inflammatory diseases’ disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, tonsillitis, and diabetes mellitus. It has critical functions in inflammatory cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Methods 20 stage III/grade B periodontitis (P) and 20 healthy individuals (control; C) were included in this clinical study (all never smokers and systemically healthy). Clinical periodontal parameters were measured. Serum and GCF levels of CX3CL1, CX3CR1, and IL‐1β were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and reported as total amounts and concentration. Results The GCF concentrations and also total amount of CX3CL1, CX3CR1, and IL‐1β were statistically significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis compared with control group (P < 0.05). CX3CL1, CX3CR1, and IL‐1β levels in the GCF were significantly and positively correlated with all the clinical periodontal parameters (PI, PPD, BOP, and CAL; P < 0.01, P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between IL‐1β, CX3CL1, and CX3CR1 concentrations in the GCF (respectively; r = 0.838 and r = 0.874, P < 0.01). Conclusion Fractalkine and its receptor may play role in mechanisms through the regulation of inflammation or on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Potential Impact of Prosthetic Biomaterials on the Periodontium: A Comprehensive Review

“…Nowadays, the field of research regarding oral markers, especially inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, has advanced significantly [ 91 ], and a wide variety of them have been used in the diagnosis of patients with periodontitis, as is the case with TNF-α [ 98 ], CXCL10, IL-6, CXCL13, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-10 [ 99 ], IL-18 [ 100 ], IL-21 [ 101 ] and the IL-23/IL-17 axis [ 102 ]. However, other molecules such as azurocidin (AZU) and fractalkine (CX3CL1) have recently been proposed as potential markers of periodontal disease [ 103 , 104 ].…”

“…Biological means for detection of this chemokine include FCG, saliva and tissue biopsies, and it has even been detected at the systemic level by collecting a blood serum sample [ 169 ]. In relation to PD, it has been shown that levels of fractalkine/CX3CL1, CX3CR1 and IL-1β in FCG are increased in patients with periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy patients [ 104 ]. Additionally, as a very close link to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Yilmaz et al [ 169 ] and Panezai et al [ 170 ] analyzed CX3CL1 levels in patients with periodontitis and RA, finding a statistically significant increase in their levels compared to their control groups represented by systemically and periodontally healthy patients.…”

Parkinson's disease is positively associated with periodontal inflammation

“…Before GCF sampling, periodontal parameters were recorded, and the supragingival plaque was removed with a sterile curette. 23 After the teeth to be sampled were isolated by the cotton roll, paper strips were inserted into the crevice and left for 30 seconds. Samples contaminated with blood and saliva were eliminated.…”

“…Likewise, fractalkine is induced by pro‐inflammatory mediators (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, interferon‐gamma [IFN‐γ]) during the inflammation. Increased fractalkine and IL‐1β levels have been reported in the GCF samples of people with periodontal disease, suggesting a redundancy in inflammatory cytokine and chemokine network in local and systemic diseases 23 …”

“…Increased fractalkine and IL-1β levels have been reported in the GCF samples of people with periodontal disease, suggesting a redundancy in inflammatory cytokine and chemokine network in local and systemic diseases. 23 Patients with PA cannot perform oral hygiene habits due to deterioration in their motor functions and become more prone to periodontitis. 24,25 A retrospective study showed that patients receiving dental treatment and not developing periodontitis for 5 years had a lower risk of developing PA. 26 While reduced manual dexterity can be a confounding factor in the impact of PA on periodontal health, the systemic inflammatory burden of neuroinflammation induced by PA may also be a risk for increasing periodontal inflammation.…”