Potential biomarkers: Identifying powerful tumor specific T cells in adoptive cellular therapy

PurposeHuman OX40 (hOX40/CD134), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is mainly expressed on activated T lymphocytes. Triggered by its ligand OX40L (CD252), it provides costimulatory signals that support the differentiation, proliferation and long-term survival of T cells. Besides being a relevant therapeutic target, hOX40 is also an important biomarker for monitoring the presence or infiltration of activated T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME), the inflammatory microenvironment (IME) in immune-mediated diseases (IMIDs) and the lymphatic organs. Here, we developed novel single domain antibodies (nanobodies, Nbs) targeting hOX40 to monitor the activation status of T cells byin vivomolecular imaging.MethodsNbs against hOX40 (hOX40-Nbs) were selected from an immunized Nb-library by phage display. The identified hOX40-Nbs were characterizedin vitro, including determination of their specificity, affinity, stability, epitope recognition and their impact on OX40 signaling and T cell function. A lead candidate was site-specifically conjugated with a fluorophore via sortagging and applied for noninvasivein vivooptical imaging (OI) of hOX40-expressing cells in a xenograft mouse model.ResultsOur selection campaign revealed four unique Nbs that exhibit strong binding affinities and high stabilities under physiological conditions. Epitope binning and domain mapping indicated the targeting of at least two different epitopes on hOX40. When analyzing their impact on OX40 signaling, an agonistic effect was excluded for all validated Nbs. Incubation of activated T cells with hOX40-Nbs did not affect cell viability or proliferation patterns, whereas differences in cytokine release were observed.In vivoOI with a fluorophore-conjugated lead candidate in experimental mice with hOX40-expressing xenografts demonstrated its specificity and functionality as an imaging probe.ConclusionConsidering the need for advanced probes for noninvasivein vivomonitoring of T cell activation dynamics, we propose, that our hOX40-Nbs have a great potential as imaging probes for noninvasive and longitudinalin vivodiagnostics. Quantification of OX40+T cells in TME or IME will provide crucial insights into the activation state of infiltrating T cells, offering a valuable biomarker for assessing immune responses, predicting treatment efficacy, and guiding personalized immunotherapy strategies in patients with cancer or IMIDs.

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Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Adoptive Cell Therapy: State of the Art in Colorectal, Breast and Lung Cancer

ZEMANEK,

NOVA,

NICODEMOU

2023

Physiol Res

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Our knowledge of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is dramatically expanding. These cells have proven prognostic and therapeutic value for many cancer outcomes and potential to treat also disseminated breast, colorectal, or lung cancer. However, the therapeutical outcome of TILs is negatively affected by tumor mutational burden and neoantigens. On the other hand, it can be improved in combination with checkpoint blockade therapy. This knowledge and rapid detection techniques alongside gene editing allow us to classify and modify T cells in many ways. Hence, to tailor them precisely to the patient´s needs as to program T cell receptors to recognize specific tumor-associated neoantigens and to insert them into lymphocytes or to select tumor neoantigen-specific T cells, for the development of vaccines that recognize tumor-specific antigens in tumors or metastases. Further studies and clinical trials in the field are needed for an even better-detailed understanding of TILs interactions and aiming in the fight against multiple cancers.

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Potential biomarkers: Identifying powerful tumor specific T cells in adoptive cellular therapy

Cited by 3 publications

References 109 publications

Research progress on graphene oxide nanoparticle-based diagnosis and treatment platform in tumor therapy

Research progress on graphene oxide nanoparticle-based diagnosis and treatment platform in tumor therapy

Making the effect visible – OX40 targeting nanobodies forin vivoimaging of activated T cells

Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Adoptive Cell Therapy: State of the Art in Colorectal, Breast and Lung Cancer

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