Potential biomarkers and targets of mitochondrial dynamics

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the imbalance of cellular homeostasis and the development of diseases, which is regulated by mitochondria‐associated factors. The present review aims to explore the process of the mitochondrial quality control system as a new source of the potential diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for diseases, including mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, interactions between mitochondria and other organelles (lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, and lysosomes), as well as the regulation and posttranscriptional modifications of mitochondrial DNA/RNA (mtDNA/mtRNA). The direct and indirect influencing factors were especially illustrated in understanding the interactions among regulators of mitochondrial dynamics. In addition, mtDNA/mtRNAs and proteomic profiles of mitochondria in various lung diseases were also discussed as an example. Thus, alternations of mitochondria‐associated regulators can be a new category of biomarkers and targets for disease diagnosis and therapy.

Mitochondria and Their Relationship with Common Genetic Abnormalities in Hematologic Malignancies

“…The 13 encoded proteins are essential subunits of the ETC I, II, IV, and V, with the majority of the mitochondrial proteins encoded by the nuclear DNA (nDNA). The nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins are imported from the cytosol by two translocase complexes: the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) and the translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) [4,[21][22][23][24].…”

“…Other molecules, such as signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) and cAMP response elementbinding protein (CREB) can also bind to the D-loop area, promoting TFAM-independent gene expression. Other transcription enhancers, such as c-Jun and CCAAT enhancerbinding protein (CEBP)β, bind to different mtDNA regions [21,[24][25][26]. In addition, POLG and POLG2 genes, encoding mtDNA polymerse γ, are involved in mtDNA replication, whereas TWNK encodes twinkle mtDNA helicase [27].…”

Mitochondria-Shaping Proteins and Chemotherapy

“…Mitochondria are important dynamic organelles which can remodel morphology and functions, when cells are exposed to severe conditions, such as hypoxia, viral infections, and nutrient deprivation ( 1 , 2 ). These cellular organelles are directly involved in the development of diseases such as diabetes, neuropathy, cardiovascular malfunctions, and cancer ( 3 , 4 ). Mitochondrial dynamics consist principally of two mutually constrained remodeling processes, mitochondrial fission and fusion ( 5 ).…”

The Activation of AMPK/NRF2 Pathway in Lung Epithelial Cells Is Involved in the Protective Effects of Kinsenoside on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury

“…In mammals, the fission process is initiated and regulated by Fis and Drp1 while the fusion process is governed by Mfn1, Mfn2, and Opa1. The homeostasis and dynamic equilibrium of mitochondria are the preconditions for its functional integrity [ 31 ]. Once the dynamic equilibrium is impaired, cellular metabolic and energy disorder will be triggered, contributing to cell death and various tissue damage [ 32 ].…”