Potential biological indicators for glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde sterilization processes

Serry, Fathy; Kadry, Azza M.; Abdelrahman, Abdou A.

doi:10.1007/s10295-002-0007-z

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The glutaraldehyde solution' MIC (0.6 to 1.1%) were greater than that reported by Mazzolla et al (0.3-0.4% for B. subtilis spores) and Serry et al 33 (0.35% for B. atrophaeus ATCC 9372), for 10 6 spores used as the challenge in both studies. However, this result showed that the labeled concentration of glutaraldehyde showed sporicidal efficacy against the spores of the tested strain.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Validation of peracetic acid as a sporicide for sterilization of working surfaces in biological safety cabinets

Sella¹

2012

JMID

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Objectives: This study aimed to validate the use of peracetic acid as sporicide agent to decontaminate the working surface of a laminar flow biological safety cabinet (BSC), as an alternative to glutaraldehyde, including the selection of the disinfecting agent, the method of application, and the contact time. Materials and methods: The test organism was the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372, which is a surrogate for an important infectious agent. Spore cultures were prepared from B. atrophaeus and used them to test the sporicidal efficacy of peracetic acid on a BSC stainless steel surface. The performance of the sterilant was assessed by determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and by microbial challenge in conditions that mimicked surface contamination. It was used 2.0% glutaraldehyde solution as the control. Results: The range of MICs was 0.6-1.1% for the control and 0.003-0.006% for the 0.2% peracetic acid solution. The 0.2% peracetic acid was an effective sterilant against B. atrophaeus spores (6-7 log spores, under defined conditions of use) after 40 min contact time, which was double that recommended on the product label. Conclusion: It was conclude that while the results of official methods can help to evaluate how products will perform, they are not usually reproducible in real-life user conditions and environments. Validation tests must be carried out to ensure the efficacy and safety of surface decontamination procedures.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Validation of peracetic acid as a sporicide for sterilization of working surfaces in biological safety cabinets

Sella¹

2012

JMID

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“…The selection of potential surrogate species and strains of spore formers used here was based on (i) safety for handling; (ii) availability of type strains from a credible source, such as the ATCC; (iii) ability to yield relatively high titers of spores in a liquid medium from one or more commercial sources; (iv) representation from genera other than Bacillus; and (v) prior history of use as a surrogate/biological indicator (4,11,12,15). Review of the use of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus atrophaeus strains as surrogates was complicated by the significant changes these taxa have undergone over the years, whereby strains now designated as B. atrophaeus have been referred to in the literature as "B. subtilis var.…”

Section: Hwmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification by Quantitative Carrier Test of Surrogate Spore-Forming Bacteria To Assess Sporicidal Chemicals for Use against Bacillus anthracis

Majcher

Bernard

Sattar

2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The spores of six strains of Bacillus anthracis (four virulent and two avirulent) were compared with those of four other types of spore-forming bacteria for their resistance to four liquid chemical sporicides (sodium hypochlorite at 5,000 ppm available chlorine, 70,000 ppm accelerated H 2 O 2 , 1,000 ppm chlorine dioxide, and 3,000 ppm peracetic acid). All test bacteria were grown in a 1:10 dilution of Columbia broth (with manganese) incubated at 37°C for 72 h. The spore suspensions, heat treated at 80°C for 10 min to rid them of any viable vegetative cells, contained 1 ؋ 10 8 to 3 ؋ 10 8 CFU/ml. The second tier of the quantitative carrier test (QCT-2), a standard of ASTM International, was used to assess for sporicidal activity, with disks (1 cm in diameter) of brushed and magnetized stainless steel as spore carriers. Each carrier, with 10 l (>10 6 CFU) of the test spore suspension in a soil load, was dried and then overlaid with 50 l of the sporicide being evaluated. The contact time at room temperature ranged from 5 to 20 min, and the arbitrarily set criterion for acceptable sporicidal activity was a reduction of >10 6 in viable spore count. Each test was repeated at least three times. In the final analysis, the spores of Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 14580 T ) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051 T ) proved to be generally more resistant than the spores of the strains of B. anthracis tested. The use of one or both of the safe and easy-to-handle surrogates identified here should help in developing safer and more-effective sporicides and also in evaluating the field effectiveness of existing and newer formulations in the decontamination of objects and surfaces suspected of B. anthracis contamination.Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, is a sporeforming zoonotic pathogen (3). Its spores are hardy enough for weaponization and environmental dispersal (10); viable spores of the organism have been recovered after many decades from deliberately contaminated sites (6). The more-recent and malicious use of the spores of B. anthracis in the United States (14) clearly attests to the potential of this organism to cause mortality, morbidity, and general societal disruption and reemphasizes the importance of having available suitable remedial measures for countering any subsequent accidental or deliberate release of such spores.The biohazardous nature of B. anthracis mandates its handling in laboratories at biosafety level 3, also called containment level 3 (CL-3), in Canada. The availability of only a very limited number of such facilities seriously hampers experimentation with this increasingly significant pathogen, a recognized biothreat agent. This is especially true for developmental studies on decontamination agents, as such work is often conducted in settings without biosafety level 3 facilities. This study evaluated several potential bacterial surrogates for the spores of B. anthracis to enable a wider search for safer and more-effective liquid chemical sporicides to deal with the threat of anthrax. MATE...

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“…It would certainly be interesting to determine whether spores in general can be inactivated by using shorter incubation times of formaldehyde, a further pursuit of this objective was not followed during this study. There are other studies that focus on the killing of spores with formaldehyde [29,30]. Although the inactivation of B. atrophaeus spores with formaldehyde followed by an analysis with real-time PCR shows some analytical potential, the massive influence of formaldehyde on DNA is a critical factor that eventually excludes formaldehyde as a suited inactivation reagent for PCR analysis in the here tested concentration range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…There are other studies that focus on the killing of spores with formaldehyde [29,30]. This was achieved with the undiluted sample containing 4.25 Â 10 9 spores/mL and two more log 10 dilutions of the original suspension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of inactivation methods on the analysis of Bacillus atrophaeus endospores using real‐time PCR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS

Talbot

Russmann²,

Köhne³

et al. 2010

Engineering in Life Sciences

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A wide range of analytical methods are available for the detection and identification of biological warfare agents. These technologies are often hampered in their performance when the inactivated samples are analyzed. To work with pathogens outside of biosafety level 3 laboratories, a complete inactivation is mandatory when appropriate protection equipment is unavailable. When methods of inactivation are used, the detection of bacteria becomes more difficult. In contrast to measuring viable organisms, inactivation steps can have a massive impact on the intrinsic cellular information. This study examined the effects of autoclaving and chemical inactivation methods on Bacillus spores using biological warfare detection setups like real‐time PCR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Here, the inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores with formaldehyde, which is a suggested model for biological warfare spore agents, was compared with other inactivation reagents like Wofasteril®E400, a commercially available decontaminant based on peroxyacetic acid. With Wofasteril®E400 the critical factor of inactivation time was reduced to about 15 min and a limit of detection of 8500 spores by PCR was still measurable using five‐times‐washed spores. It has also been shown that MALDI‐TOF‐MS peak information can be hampered by inactivation methods.

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Potential biological indicators for glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde sterilization processes

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Validation of peracetic acid as a sporicide for sterilization of working surfaces in biological safety cabinets

Validation of peracetic acid as a sporicide for sterilization of working surfaces in biological safety cabinets

Identification by Quantitative Carrier Test of Surrogate Spore-Forming Bacteria To Assess Sporicidal Chemicals for Use against Bacillus anthracis

Effects of inactivation methods on the analysis of Bacillus atrophaeus endospores using real‐time PCR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS

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