“…Diabetes mellitus (DM), a disease characterized by insufficient control of blood glucose levels, is related to excessive starch intake and causes problems with insulin secretion ( Tang et al, 2023 ). Inhibiting the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes (starch hydrolases) is one therapeutic strategy for managing diabetes mellitus by controlling the digestion of starchy foods ( Hasan et al, 2023 , Yu et al, 2024 ).…”