Potential and sustainable utilization of tea waste: A review on present status and future trends

Debnath, Banhisikha; Haldar, Dibyajyoti; Purkait, Mihir Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106179

Cited by 81 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Furthermore, the amount of tea waste from factories accounts for 3–5% of the total production and can even reach 17–18% owing to improper harvesting procedures [ 17 ]. Black tea waste is a cheap source of biomass, which can be used as fertilizer, activated carbon, metal-based nanoparticles, biochar, and even construction materials [ 17 , 18 ]. The usage of black tea waste as construction material mainly involves “green corrosion inhibitors” and fiber materials [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Admixture (Black Tea Extraction) for Better Performance of Metakaolin Blended Cement Mortars

Fang

Wang

et al. 2022

Materials

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With high pozzolanic reactivity, metakaolin (MK) is a popular supplementary cementitious material (SCM), which can be used to partially replace Portland cement in concretes. Due to its small particle size, however, MK can agglomerate, resulting in a nonuniform matrix and underperformance of the produced concrete. To address this issue, this paper exploits a low-cost, bio-based admixture—black tea extract (BTE)—to replace the traditional petroleum-based chemical admixture to enhance the dispersion and workability of MK blended cement mortars. Major biomolecules in the BTE such as caffeine, catechin, theanine, and theaflavin are rich in polyphenol, hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups, which can interact with cement particles and have profound effects on the hydration process and microstructure of the hydration products. Experimental studies showed that BTE does improve the workability of the MK blended cement mortar. More importantly, the BTE introduces significant change on the microstructure of the hardened pastes. Both the pores with size less than 50 nm and the total porosity of the hardened paste were significantly reduced, leading to a significant improvement in the micro- and macro-mechanical properties of the hardened paste. Experimental results suggest that up to 35% greater improvement in the compressive strength at 28 days was achieved using the proposed bio-admixture. Economic and environmental advantages of using the BTE as a renewable admixture were also illustrated through analyzing the cost–benefit, embodied carbon, and eco-efficiency of the MK blended mortars.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Admixture (Black Tea Extraction) for Better Performance of Metakaolin Blended Cement Mortars

Fang

Wang

et al. 2022

Materials

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“…In 2020, global tea consumption reached approximately 6.3 million tons, and it is projected to increase to 7.4 million tons by 2025 [14]. China, as the largest tea-producing country, accounts for approximately 40% of the total global tea production [15]. During tea production and consumption, approximately 90% of tea becomes tea residue [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During tea production and consumption, approximately 90% of tea becomes tea residue [16]. Tea residue is a valuable waste resource that consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, polyphenols, proteins, and tannins [17,18,15]. Currently, tea residue is utilized for various applications, including the extraction of polyphenols and polysaccharides, biochar production, silage, composting, and fermentation [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From waste to growth: tea residue recycling through Trichoderma's solid-state fermentation for tea cuttings

Meng

Wang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Trichoderma is a widely recognized plant growth-promoting fungus (PGPF) that has been extensively utilized in various agricultural applications. However, the effects of Trichoderma on the growth of tea cuttings and the changes in the fungal community are still unclear. This study produced T. guizhouense NJAU 4742 (NJAU 4742) via solid-state fermentation using tea residue and evaluated its potential to promote the growth of tea cuttings. Results The optimal conditions for spore yield were determined as a 7:3 (w/w) ratio of tea residue to rice bran, a material thickness of 3 cm, an inoculum concentration of 15%, and an incubation time of 4 days, resulting in a spore count of 1.83×109 CFU/g. The application of NJAU 4742 spore products significantly increased the biomass of tea cuttings and influenced the fungal community composition. Moreover, the application of higher NJAU 4742 spore concentrations resulted in better growth performance, and the application of nursery substrate with 1×107 CFU/mL spores was the most economically viable option. Notably, among the top ten fungal genera with the highest relative abundances, Trichoderma showed a positive correlation with the fresh weight of tea cuttings, while the other nine genera exhibited a negative correlation. Conclusions This study showed that utilizing tea residue for solid-state fermentation of NJAU 4742 is a feasible approach, and the application of NJAU 4742 spores enhances the growth of tea cuttings by increasing the relative abundance of Trichoderma.

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“…Green tea is an inexpensive, readily available material with many low-intensity extraction methods . Moreover, antioxidant polyphenol compounds may be extracted from agricultural waste or waste tea leaves. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vanillin Cross-Linked Chitosan Film with Controlled Release of Green Tea Polyphenols for Active Food Packaging

Westlake,

Laabei,

Jiang

et al. 2023

ACS Food Sci. Technol.

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We report a novel cross-linked chitosan composite film containing vanillin, glycerol, and green tea extract. The effects of vanillin-mediated cross-linking and the incorporation of antimicrobial green tea polyphenols were investigated. The cross-linking effect, confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, increased the tensile strength of the biopolymer film to 20.9 ± 3 MPa. The release kinetics of polyphenols from the chitosan–vanillin matrix was studied, and we reported an initial burst release (8 h) followed by controlled release (8 to 400 h). It was found that both vanillin and green tea polyphenols were successful inhibitors of foodborne bacteria, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of the tea polyphenols determined as 0.15 mg/mL (Staphylococcus aureus). These active components also displayed strong antioxidant capacities, with polyphenols quenching >80% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals at all concentrations tested. Degradation results revealed that there was a significant (>85%) mass loss of all samples after being buried in compost for 12 weeks. The biopolymeric films, prepared by solvent casting methods, adhere to green chemistry and waste valorization principles. The one-pot recipe reported may also be applied to other cross-linkers and active compounds with similar chemical functionalities. Based on the obtained results, the presented material provides a promising starting point for the development of a degradable active packaging material.

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Potential and sustainable utilization of tea waste: A review on present status and future trends

Cited by 81 publications

References 102 publications

Bio-Based Admixture (Black Tea Extraction) for Better Performance of Metakaolin Blended Cement Mortars

Bio-Based Admixture (Black Tea Extraction) for Better Performance of Metakaolin Blended Cement Mortars

From waste to growth: tea residue recycling through Trichoderma's solid-state fermentation for tea cuttings

Vanillin Cross-Linked Chitosan Film with Controlled Release of Green Tea Polyphenols for Active Food Packaging

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